This book gives an overview of advanced emerging technologies for the detection of a range of waterborne pathogens. The book will present existing methodology and highlight where improvements can be made, as well as have a strong focus on applications and the ways in which new technology could be applied in water management. Additionally, it addresses issues of sample preparation (from sampling to concentration and enrichment), a key stage in any detection protocol.

Contributors ix

Acknowledgment xi

1. Introduction Helen Bridle 1

References 5

Section 1 Overview and Background 7

2. Overview of Waterborne Pathogens Helen Bridle9

      2.1. Viruses 15

      2.2. Bacteria 21

      2.3. Protozoa 26

      2.4. Helminths 35

      2.5. Summary 37

      Acknowledgment 37

      References 38

3.Existing Methods of Waterborne Pathogen Detection Helen Bridle, Kimberly Gilbride, James Green 41

      3.1. World health organisation guidelines 41

      3.2. Types of monitoring 43

      3.3. Fecal indicator monitoring 45

      3.4. Direct detection of pathogens 55

      3.5. Summary 62

      References 63

Section 2 Sample Processing 65

4.Sample Processing Helen Bridle, Karin Jacobsson, Anna C. Schultz 67

      4.1. Background 68

      4.2. Sampling 71

      4.3. Concentration techniques 74

      4.4. Secondary concentration techniques 91

      4.5. Nuclei acid extraction for molecular detection 99

      4.6. Analytical controls 100

      4.7. Summary 106

      References 109

Section 3 Detection 115

5.Optical Detection Technologies for Waterborne Pathogens Helen Bridle 119

      5.1. Techniques using labeling 120

      5.2. Spectroscopy 131

      5.3. Summary 140

      References 142

6.Electrochemical Detection Timothee Houssin, Vincent Senez 147

      6.1. Introduction 147

      6.2. Potentiometry 150

      6.3. Voltammetry 153

      6.4. Coulometry 157

      6.5. Impedance spectroscopy 159

      6.6. Dielectrophoresis 161

      6.7. Scaling effect 164

      6.8. Miniaturized detection of waterborne pathogens 168

      6.9. Summary and future outlook 177

      References 180

7.Biosensors for the Detection of Waterborne Pathogens Helen Bridle, Marc Desmulliez 189

      7.1. Performance characteristics 192

      7.2. Recognition elements 194

      7.3. Transduction methods 201

      7.4. Biosensors for waterborne viruses 209

      7.5. Biosensors for waterborne bacteria 211

      7.6. Biosensors for waterborne protozoa 218

      7.7. Biosensors for the detection of waterborne parasites 222

      7.8. Summary and future outlook 223

      References 225

8.Molecular Methods for the Detection of Waterborne Pathogens Kimberley Gilbride231

      8.1. Why molecular methods? 232

      8.2. Molecular methods 234

      8.3. Current state of pathogen detection in water sources 259

      8.4. Fecal source tracking 274

      8.5. Summary and future outlook 276

      References 279

9.Nanotechnology for Detection of Waterborne Pathogens Helen Bridle 291

      9.1. Introduction 291

      9.2. Background 291

      9.3. Nanotechnology in sample processing 296

      9.4. Nanotechnology in pathogen detection 299

      9.5. Summary 313

      References 315

10.Miniaturized Detection Systems Helen Bridle319

      10.1. Microfluidics 319

      10.2. Applications 328

      10.3. Summary 342

      References 344

Section 4 Applications and Evaluation 349

11.Applications of Emerging Technologies in the Drinking Water Sector Lauren Rowe, Graham Sprigg 351

      11.1. Current position of the UK water industry 351

      11.2. Application of WSPs and WSF in the rest of the world 356

      11.3. The legislative framework 360

      11.4. Pathogens of major concern to the market 362

      11.5. Public health policy implications for detection and treatment 366

      11.6. Detection and treatment from a market perspective 367

      11.7. Market adoption of emerging technologies 370

      11.8. Conclusions 374

      References 375

12. Conclusions Helen Bridle 379

      12.1. Summary 379

      12.2. The future of waterborne pathogen monitoring 385

Index 389

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