Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability,[3] and mental retardation (MR),[4][5] is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. It is defined by an IQ under 70 in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday, general living.
Once focused almost entirely on cognition, the definition now includes both a component relating to mental functioning and one relating to individuals' functional skills in their environments. As a result of this focus on the person's abilities in practice, a person with an unusually low IQ may not be considered to have intellectually disability.
Intellectual disability is subdivided into syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits associated with other medical and behavioral signs and symptoms are present, and non-syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits appear without other abnormalities. Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome are examples of syndromic intellectual disabilities.
Intellectual disability affects about 2–3% of the general population.[6] Seventy-five to ninety percent of the affected people have mild intellectual disability.[6] Non-syndromic or idiopathic cases account for 30–50% of cases.[6] About a quarter of cases are caused by a genetic disorder,[6] and about 5% of cases are inherited from a person's parents.[7] Cases of unknown cause affect about 95 million people as of 2013.[8]

Introduction 1

Chapter 1 Intellectual and developmental disability 3

Section one: Current issues 15

Chapter 2 Developmental disabilities: Abuse and neglect 17

Chapter 3 Disability and women's health 45

Chapter 4 Intellectual and developmental disabilities: Dementia 71

Chapter 5 Intellectual and developmental disabilities: Dermatology issues 99

Chapter 6 Foot care and intellectual disability 121

Chapter 7 Intellectual disability and epilepsy 149

Chapter 8 Sleep disorders in children and adolescents with intellectual disability 177

Chapter 9 Transition to adulthood and the decision making process 201

Chapter 10 Immunizations: Protection against disease 215

Section two: Acknowledgments 253

Chapter 11 About the editors 255

Chapter 12 About the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development in Israel 257

Chapter 13 About the Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine (WMED), Kalamazoo, Michigan USA 261

Chapter 14 About the book series "Disability studies" 263

Section three: Index 265

Index 267

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