Smoking behavior and its health and environmental consequences have been one of the topics of interest for policy makers and academic audiences during the last decades. The prevalence of smoking was relatively low at the beginning of last century, and it started to escalate especially after the Great Depression. In 1960s and 1970s, smoking prevalence has reached to almost 50% of the population in many OECD countries. Since then smoking rates have been steadily declining in these countries, but it is still too high in many developing countries.A\Starting from the second half of the 20th century, a growing literature has emphasized harmful health and environmental effects of smoking with specific reference to its direct link to the major non-communicable chronic diseases. 1964 US Surgeon General Report claimed that smoking is the primary cause of chronic bronchitis and correlated with emphysema, heart disease, and lung cancer. Following this landmark report, negative health consequences of smoking for not only smokers but also non-smokers due to second hand smoking, has been studied extensively. As scientific evidence on negative health effects has been established, and public awareness on harmful effects of smoking has started to increase, policy makers as an attempt to reduce smoking prevalence have started to implement wide range of anti-smoking policies including indoor smoking restrictions and bans, advertising bans for tobacco products, excise taxes, and smoking restrictions to protect the children against second hand smoke.A\In this edited volume, a number of renowned scholars contribute to this literature with specific emphasis on anti-smoking policies, smoking behaviour and its socio-economic determinants, and impacts on health. The first section of the book includes chapters on anti- smoking policies and their impacts on smoking prevalence. This section provides an overview of the policies and their impacts in OECD countries, as well as their effects within rural setting for specific populations in Australian context. The second section of the book consists of chapters focusing on socio-economic and behavioral determinants of smoking with examples drawn from Canada and Japan. The authors examine socio-economic and behavioral aspects of smoking for various population groups including Canadian youth and adults, and Japanese pregnant mothers during and after the pregnancy. The third section includes chapters studying health and environmental hazards of smoking. This section focuses on specific health effects of smoking that are not widely examined elsewhere, the role of nicotine in cancer stem cells, and potential harmful effects of ignoring submicron particles in low-tar and nicotine cigarettes.A\This book which provides a collection of papers reviewing most recent literature and offering new evidence in this body of literature has been primarily written for general public and policy makers. However, it also serves as a reference book for researchers, advanced level undergraduate and graduate students studying related aspects of smoking. With its focus on public policy, I hope that the book would help the policy makers in developing and designing health and public policies aimed at reducing smoking, and its harmful effects. Nazmi Sari, Ph.D. March 2014 Saskatoon, Canada

Preface vii

About the Editor ix

PART I: Smoking Restrictions and Anti-Smoking Policies 1

Chapter 1 Anti-Smoking Policies and Their Effects on Smoking Prevalence and Behavior: Lessons from OECD Countries 3

Chapter 2 Smoking Behaviour and Tobacco Policy in the Rural Context: The Australian Experience 21

PART II: Socio-Economic and Behavioral Determinants 33

Chapter 3 Smoking, Socioeconomic Status and Health 35

Chapter 4 Youth Smoking in Canada and the Review of Related Literature 65

Chapter 5 How Long Do Japanese Mothers Stop Smoking When They Start Raising Children? New Evidence from a Very Large National Survey 79

PART III: Health and Environmental Hazards of Smoking 115

Chapter 6 Potential Health Hazards of Ignoring Submicron Particles in Low-Tar and Nicotine Cigarettes 117

Chapter 7 Psychopathological Disorders, Tobacco Smoking, Smoking Cessation and Reduction 127

Chapter 8 Impacts of Smoking on Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health 135

Chapter 9 Health and Environmental Pitfalls and Fallacies of Smoking 173

Chapter 10 Assessment of Cigarette Smoking Toxicity Using Cancer Stem Cells 185

Index 197

中国医科院医学信息研究所