The book “Leptons and Quarks” was first published in the early 1980s, when the program of the experimental search for the intermediate bosons W and Z and Higgs boson H was formulated. The aim and scope of the present extended edition of the book, written after the experimental discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012, is to reflect the various stages of this 30+ years search. Along with the text of the first edition of “Leptons and Quarks” it contains extracts from a number of books published by World Scientific and an article from “On the concepts of vacuum and mass and the search for higgs” available from httpWEBLinkworldscinet/mpla or from httpWEBLinkabs/1212.1031. The book is unique in communicating the Electroweak Theory at a basic level and in connecting the concept of Lorenz invariant mass with the concept of the Extended Standard Model, which includes gravitons as the carriers of gravitational interaction. Key Features: ○ The book differs from the competing titles by the unique interpretation of real and virtual particles in the framework of Feynman diagrams and by the unique inclusion of gravitons in the framework of the Extended Standard Model.

Preface to the World Scientific Edition of "Leptons and Quarks" v

Preface xv

Preface to the Second Russian Edition Enlaroed and Revised xvii

1. Introduction 1

1.1. Quark currents 3

1.2. On the color of weak currents 4

1.3. Cunems and processes 5

1.4. About the outline of this book 7

2. Structure of weak currents 9

2.1. Left-handed charged currents 1O

2.2. Breaking of P- and C-invariance 12

2.3. Universality of the charged current 12

2 4. The neutral current 13

3. Muon decay 15

3.1. Decay amplitude 15

3.2. Decay probability 17

3.3. Decay of polarized muon 19

3 4. Qualitallve discussion 20

4. Stra11ge11ess-co11serving leptonic decays of hadrons. Properties of the ucl-current 22

4.1. Isotopic properties of the ud-current 23

4.2. Relationship between the vector current ud and the isovector electromagnetic current 23

4.3. Weak charge 24

4.4. Chiral mvanance 25

5. Leptonic decays of pions and nucleons 27

5.1. π → lv decays 27

5.2. π ＋ → 1T0e+ v decay 29

5.3. β decay of the neutron 30

5.4. Vector form factors 31

5.5. Axial form factors 32

5.6. The probability of /3-decay. Angular correlations 35

5.7. +- → Ae = v decays 36

6. Leptonic decays of K-mesons and hyperons 38

6.1. |S| = I and Q = S rules 38

6.2. SU(3) and SU(2) properties of the us current 39

6.3. Kt2 decays 40

6.4. Kt3 decays 41

6.5. Ku decays 42

6.6. Ke4 decays 43

6.7. Leptonic decays of hyperons 44

7. Strangeness-changing non-leptonic interactions 48

7.1. Properties of the bare non-leptonic lagrangian 48

7.2. The inclusion of hard gluons 50

7.3. The gluonic monopole 52

7.4. Effective non-leptonic lagrangian 56

8. Phenomenology of non-leptonic decays of hyperons 58

8.1. Relativistically invariant amplitude 58

8.2. Non-relativistic form of the amplitude 59

8.3. Spin correlations in hyperon decays 59

8.4. Isotopic amplitudes and the T = 1/2 rule 61

8.5. Phases of the S- and P-wave amplitudes 63

8.6. SU(3) relation between amplitudes of hyperon decays 65

9. Dynamics of non-/eptonic decays of hyperons 67

9.1. Quark graphs 67

9.2. Factorization of external diagrams for the decay A0 → pπ 69

9.3. Enhancement of the contribution of right-handed quarks 71

9.4. A0 → nπ0 decay 72

9.5. hyperon decays 74

10. Non-Jeptonic decays of K-mesons 76

10.1. K01 and K02 mesons 76

10.2. Isotopic relations for k → 2π decays 77

10.3. Quark graphs for K +- → π+- π0 decays 79

10.4. K → 3π decays 82

11. Neutral K-mesons in vacuum and in matter 85

11.1. K0 +-+ K 0 transitions and the K?-K mass difference 85

11.2. Glashow-Iliopoulos-Maiani mechanism 88

11.3. Oscillations of strangeness 89

11.4. Regeneration 91

12. Violation of CP invariance 94

12.1. K0L → π+ π- decay 94

12.2. Other observed CP violating effects 95

12.3. Superweak rmxmg 97

12.4. On decays of the K0S meson 98

12.5. Violation of time-reversal invariance and the neutron

dipole moment 99

12.6. Gedanken experiments 101

13. Decays of the T-lepton 103

13.1. vT neutrino 103

13.2. DecaysT → µ- v v and f T- →e-v v 104

13.3. Semi-hadronic decays. General remarks 104

13.4. Decay T → πv 105

13.5. Decay T → ρv 107

13.6. Decays T → v 十 2nπ 110

13.7. Decays T → v ＋ （2n + l )π 114

13.8. Decays T → v ＋ K + nπ 116

13.9. Summary of results 116

14. Decays of charmed particles 117

14.1. Leptonic and non-leptonic decays 117

14.2. The role of virtual gluons 118

14.3. Selection rules for T-，U-, and V-spin 121

15. Weak decays of b- and t-quarks 123

15.1. Unitary n ×n matrix 123

15.2. Angles and phase 8 124

15.3. Metastability of the b-quark 126

15.4. Contribution of t-quarks to K-0 → K0 transitions 127

15.5. Cascade decays of b- and t-hadrons 129

16. Neutrino -electron interactions . I 30

16.1. Kinematics of " + e → ＂+ e reactions 130

16.2. Cross section of the 1111e → vµ reaction 133

16.3. Cross section of the ιe → vµ- reaction 134

16.4. Elastic 11e and iie scattering induced by charged current 135

16.5. Cross sections of the ve and ve scattering: general formulas 138

16.6. Other effects of the 11e interaction 139

16.7. Creation of muon pairs by neutrinos in the Coulomb field of the nucleus 140

17. Neutrino-nucleon interactions 143

17.1. Kinematics 143

17.2. Quasi-elastic scattering 144

17.3. Partons 145

17.4. Kinematics of lepton-parton collisions 146

17.S. Lepton-parton collision cross sections 147

17.6. Parton distributions 149

17.7. Cross sections of deep-inelastic processes 151

17.8. Production of strange and charmed particles 152

17.9. Phenomenology of deep-inelastic processes 154

17.10. The parton model and quantum chromodynarnics 155

18. Renormalizability 156

18.1. Why do we need renormalizability? 156

18.2. Unitanty limit 157

18.3. Intermediate bosons 158

18.4. Wave function of the vector boson 160

18.S. Digression on the photon mass 161

18.6. Vector boson propagator 162

19. Gauge invariance 164

19.1. Global abelian symmetry U(l) 164

19.2. Global non-abelian symmetry SU(2) 165

19.3. Local abelian symmetry 165

19.4. Digression on baryonic and leptonic photons 166

19.5. Local SU(2) symmetry 167

19.6. Panegyric to Yang-Mills theory 170

19.7. How to take masses into account? 171

20. Spontaneous symmetry breaking 174

20.1. Spontaneous breaking of discrete symmetry 174

20.2. Spontaneous breaking of global U(l) symmetry 177

20.3. Spontaneous breaking of global SU(2) symmetry 179

20.4. Spontaneous breaking of abelian gauge symmetry 180

20.5. On the conservation of electric charge 181

20.6. Spontaneous breaking of local SU(2) symmetry 183

21. Standard model of the electroweak interaction 185

21.1. Main features of the model 185

21.2. Nine terms of the Jagrangian 187

21.3. Masses of W- and Z-bosons 189

21.4. Relation between electric charge and the constants

g and g’ 191

21.5. Relation between the vacuum-expectation value η

and the Fermi constant G 192

21.6. More about the masses of the W- and Z-bosons 193

21.7. Electron mass 194

21.8. Introduction of other leptons and quarks 195

22. Neutral currents 199

22.1. Scattering of vc and iic on the electron 199

22.2. Scattering of v and v on the electron 201

22.3. Annihilation e+ e → µ ＋ µ- 202

22.4. Neutral currents and neutrino-nucleon interaction 206

22.5. Isotopic properties of the neutral current 208

22.6. Parity non-conservation in scattering of electrons by nucleons 209

22.7. Parity non-conservation in atoms 211

22.8. P-odd nuclear forces 213

23. Properties of intermediate bosons 214

23.1. Decays of W-bosons 214

23.2. Decays of Z-bosons 216

23.3. Production of Z-bosons 217

23.4. Production of W-bosons 218

23.5. Colliding beam projects 220

23.6. DUMAND 221

24. Properties of Higgs bosons 223

24.1. On the H-boson mass 223

24.2. The role of H-bosons at high energies 225

24.3. Coupling of H-bosons to heavy quarks 227

24.4. Coupling of H-bosons to gluons 228

24.5. "Higgs charge" of nucleons 230

24.6. Digression on the trace of the energy-momentum operator 231

24.7. Coupling of H-bosons to W- and Z-bosons 232

24.8. Coupling of H-bosons to photons 233

24.9. General remarks on Higgs bosons 235

25. Grand unification 236

25.1. Three generations of fermions 236

25.2. Quintet and decuplet in SU(S) 237

25.3. 24 vector bosons 239

25.4. Running coupling constants 240

25.5. Unstable proton 243

25.6. Grand Higgs bosons 246

25.7. The SO(10) group and other orthogonal groups 248

25.8. The exceptional groups 249

26. Superunification 251

26.1 Supersyrnmetry 251

26.2 Sub-quarks? 252

27. Particles and the universe 254

27.1. Hot universe 254

27.2. Upper bound on the neutrino mass 257

27.3. On the number of possible types of neutrinos 258

27.4. Concentration of relic quarks 260

27.5. On baryonic asymmetry of the universe 261

28. Bibliography 263

28.1. Monographs. Proceedings of conferences 265

28.2. Decays of leptons and hadrons 267

28.3. Neutrino reactions 278

28.4. Weak interactions at high energies 281

28.5. Models of grand and super uni fication 288

28.6. Particles and the universe 290

28.7. Supplementary bibliography (aulll mn 1980) 296

29. App endix (some usef ul fo nnulas) 308

29.1 Pseudo-eucl idean metric 308

29.2. G 1oups 309

29.3. Propenies of Dirac matrices 317

29.4. Rules for the calculation of probabi lities 325

30. Tables of exp erimenral data 329

30.1. Physical and nu merical constants and para meters 330

30.2. Tables of particle properties 332

30.3. Weak 出cays and the 1/2 rule 343

30.4. CP- and CPT-invariances 350

30.5. Conservation of leptonic numbers 352

30.6. Selection rules for the weak current 353

Notable Works of Lev Borisovich Okun published by World Scientific 363

Dust Cover, Preface and Co11rents of the book “The Relations of Particles" WS l991 365

Book Cover, Preface and Co111e11rs of "En ergy and Mass in Relativity Theory" WS 2009 369

Book Cover, Preface and Contems of "ABC of Physics: A Very Brief Guide" WS 2012 377

Joumal Cover and text of rhe article “On the Concepts of Vacuum and Mass and the Search for Higgs" arXiv: 1212.103l 397

About the Author

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