Supercritical Fluid Technology for Energy and Environmental Applications covers the fundamental principles involved in the preparation and characterization of supercritical fluids (SCFs) used in the energy production and other environmental applications. Energy production from diversified resources -- including renewable materials -- using clean processes can be accomplished using technologies like SCFs. This book is focused on critical issues scientists and engineers face in applying SCFs to energy production and environmental protection, the innovative solutions they have found, and the challenges they need to overcome. The book also covers the basics of sub- and supercritical fluids, like the thermodynamics of phase and chemical equilibria, mathematical modeling, and process calculations.
A supercritical fluid is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. At this state the compound demonstrates unique properties, which can be fine-tuned, making them suitable as organic solvents in a range of industrial and laboratory processes.
This volume enables readers to select the most appropriate medium for a specific situation. It helps instructors prepare course material for graduate and postgraduate courses in the area of chemistry, chemical engineering, and environmental engineering. And it helps professional engineers learn supercritical fluid-based technologies and use them in solving the increasingly challenging environmental issues.

Contributors vii

1. Synthesis of Biodiesel Fuel in Supercritical Lower Alcohols with and without Heterogeneous Catalysts (Thermody namics, Phase and Chemical Equilibri ums, Experimental Studies) 1

2. Particle Formation Using Sub- and Supercritical Fluids 31

3. Environ mentally Benign Transformation of Monoterpenes and Monoterpenoids in Supercritical Fluids 69

4. Biomass Conversion in Supercritical Water 89

5. Environm entally Benign Route for Nanomaterial Synthesis by Using SCW 99

6. Supercritical Water Gasification for Hydrogen Production : Current Status and Prospective of High-Temperatur e Operation 111

7. Hydrolysis in Near- and Supercritical Water for Biomass Conversion and Material Recycling 139

8. Applications of Aerogels and Their Composites in Energy-Related Tech nologies 157

9. Supercritical Water Oxidation for Wastewater Destruction with Energy Recovery 181

10. Supercritical Water Gasification of Organic Wastes for Energy Generation 191

11. Application of Supercritical Pressure in Power Engineering: Specifics of Thermophysical Properties and Forced-Convective Heat Transfer 201

12. Biopolymer Degradation in Sub- and Supercritical Water for Biomass Waste Recycling 235

13. Energy Conversion of Biomass and Recycling of Waste Plastics Using Supercritical Fluid, Subcritical Fluid and High-Pressure Superheated Steam 249

Index 269

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