Fieldbuses, particularly wireless fieldbuses, offer a multitude of benefits to process control and automation. Fieldbuses replace point-to-point technology with digital communication networks, offering increased data availability and easier configurability and interoperability.
Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation discusses the newest fieldbuses on the market today, detailing their utilities, components and configurations, wiring and installation methods, commissioning, and safety aspects under hostile environmental conditions. This clear and concise text:
Considers the advantages and shortcomings of the most sought after fieldbuses, including HART, Foundation Fieldbus, and Profibus
Presents an overview of data communication, networking, cabling, surge protection systems, and device connection techniques
Provides comprehensive coverage of intrinsic safety essential to the process control, automation, and chemical industries
Describes different wireless standards and their coexistence issues, as well as wireless sensor networks
Examines the latest offerings in the wireless networking arena, such as WHART and ISA100.11a
Offering a snapshot of the current state of the art, Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation not only addresses aspects of integration, interoperability, operation, and automation pertaining to fieldbuses, but also encourages readers to explore potential applications in any given industrial environment.

Fieldbus, particularly the wireless fieldbus, offers a multitude of benefits in the field of process control and automation. Wireless fieldbus is fast emerg-ing and is trying to carve out a niche among the different fieldbus offerings in the market. Fieldbus replaces the point-to-point technology with digital communication networking, offers increased data availability, and iseas-ily configurable and interoperable. It is a modest attempt on the part of the author to discuss the different field buses in the market, their utilities along with their shortcomings, the fieldbus configurations, the installation tech-niques, the safety aspects in hostile environmental conditions, and other relevant issues pertaining to field buses.
Fieldbus and Networking in Process Automation provides a clear, concise, and comprehensive coverage of field buses as used in the process control and automation industries. Fieldbus and networking is an emerg-ing area and is increasingly being applied in process industries. It will be very helpful for engineering students in the area of instrumentation, process, electrical, electronics, and computer science disciplines, and will give them adequate exposure about the different fieldbus technologies in use today.
The book starts with an introduction about data communication followed by networking, network models, and networks as applied in process auto-mation. The three most used field buses, viz., HART, Foundation Fieldbus, and PROFIBUS, followed by several others are then discussed in detail Intrinsic safety in field buses is a major area of concern and is discussed comprehensively. Chapter 17, "Wiring, Installation, and Commissioning," gives an overview of cabling, surge protection systems, device connection techniques, and different fieldbus components and onfigurations. Chapter 18, "Wireless Communication,"discusses different wireless standards, their coexistence issues, and wireless sensor networks.
WHART and ISA 100. 1la—the latest offerings in the wireless arena for networking in process automation and control—are discussed in a thread-bare manner in the last two chapters. Wireless field buses are yet to estab-lish themselves firmly as far as their industrial applications are concerned. Despite their minor shortcomings and drawbacks, the two standards offer reliable and secure wireless communication in the field of industrial auto-mation for noncritical monitoring and control applications. A comparison between these two emergent standards has been made so that readers will become conversant with them about their application potentials in a given industrial environment.

Preface xix

Author xxi

Chapter 1 Data Communication 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Comparison Between Digital and Analog Communication 1

1.3 Data Communication 2

      1.3.1 Main Characteristics 3

1.4 Data Types 3

1.5 Data Transfer Characteristics 4

1.6 Data Flow Methods 5

1.7 Transmission Modes 6

      1.7.1 Parallel 6

      1.7.2 Serial 7

      1.7.3 Asynchronous 7

      1.7.4 Synchronous 9

      1.7.5 Isochronous 9

1.8 Use of Modems 10

1.9 Power Spectral Density 11

1.10 Transmission Impairments 11

1.11 Data Rate and Bandwidth Relationship 12

1.12 Multiplexing 13

      1.12.1 Introduction 13

      1.12.2 Types 13

      1.12.3 FDM 14

      1.12.4 WDM 15

      1.12.5 TDM 16

      1.12.5.1 Synchronous TDM 16

      1.12.5.2 Statistical TDM 17

      1.12.6 Variable Data Rate 17

      1.12.7 Multilevel Multiplexing 18

      1.12.8 Multislot Multiplexing 18

      1.12.9 Pulse Stuffing Multiplexing 19

1.13 Spread Spectrum 19

      1.13.1 Introduction 20

      1.13.2 FHSS 21

      1.13.3 DSSS 23

      1.13.4 Comparison between FHSS and DSSS 24

      1.13.5 Advantages of Spread Spectrum 25

1.14 Data Coding 26

      1.14.1 Introduction 27

      1.14.2 Characteristics of a Line Code 27

      1.14.3 Types 28

Chapter 2 Networking 29

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2 Characteristics 30

2.3 Connection Types 31

2.4 Data Communication Standards and Organizations 31

2.5 Network Topology 34

      2.5.1 Mesh 34

      2.5.2 Star 35

      2.5.3 Bus 35

      2.5.4 Ring 36

      2.5.5 Hybrid 37

2.6 Network Applications 38

2.7 Network Components 38

2.8 Classification of Networks 40

      2.8.1 LANs 40

      2.8.2 MANs 40

      2.8.3 WANs 41

      2.8.4 GANs 41

      2.8.5 Building and Campus Backbone and Enterprise Network 41

2.9 Interconnection of Networks 41

Chapter 3 Network Models 45

3.1 Introduction 45

3.2 Three-Layer Model 45

3.3 OSI Model 47

      3.3.1 Physical Layer 49

      3.3.2 Data Link Layer 51

      3.3.3 Network Layer 52

      3.3.4 Transport Layer 53

      3.3.5 Session Layer 54

      3.3.6 Presentation Layer 55

      3.3.7 Application Layer 56

3.4 TCP/IP Protocol Suite 56

      3.4.1 Introduction 56

      3.4.2 Protocol Architecture 57

      3.4.2.1 TCP 58

      3.4.2.1.1 Window Principle 62

      3.4.2.1.2 Congestion Control 62

      3.4.2.2 UDP 65

      3.4.2.3 IP 66

      3.4.3 Operation 66

      3.4.4 PDUs in Architecture 66

      3.4.5 Addressing 66

      3.4.5.1 Physical 66

      3.4.5.2 Logical 66

      3.4.5.3 Port 67

      3.4.5.4 Specific 67

Chapter 4 Networks in Process Automation 69

4.1 Introduction 69

4.2 Communication Hierarchy in Factory Automation 69

4.3 I/O Bus Networks 71

      4.3.1 Types 71

      4.3.2 Network and Protocol Standards 73

      4.3.3 Advantages 74

4.4 Osi Reference Model 75

4.5 Networking At I/O and Field Levels 77

4.6 Networking at Control Level 79

4.7 Networking at Enterprise/Management Level 79

Chapter 5 Fieldbuses 81

5.1 What Is a Fieldbus? 81

      5.1.1 Evolution 81

      5.1.2 Architectural Progress 82

      5.1.3 Types 84

      5.1.4 Expanded Network View 85

5.2 Topologies 88

      5.2.1 Point-to-Point 88

      5.2.2 Bus with Spurs 88

      5.2.3 Tree (Chicken Foot) 88

      5.2.4 Daisy Chain 89

      5.2.5 Mixed Topology 89

5.3 Terminators 90

5.4 Fieldbus Benefits 91

Chapter 6 Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART) 93

6.1 Introduction 93

6.2 Evolution and Adaptation of Hart Protocol 94

6.3 Hart and Smart Devices 94

6.4 Hart Encoding and Waveform 95

6.5 Hart Character 95

6.6 Addressing 96

6.7 Arbitration 97

6.8 Communication Modes 97

6.9 Hart Networks 98

6.10 Field Device Calibration 99

6.11 Hart Communication Layers 100

      6.11.1 Physical Layer 100

      6.11.2 Data Link Layer 101

      6.11.3 Application Layer 102

6.12 Installation And Guidelines for Hart Networks 104

6.13 Device Descriptions 105

6.14 Application in Control Systems 105

6.15 Application In Scada 106

6.16 Benefits 106

Chapter 7 Foundation Fieldbus 109

7.1 Introduction 109

7.2 Definition and Features 109

7.3 Foundation Fieldbus Data Types 110

7.4 Architecture 110

7.5 Standards 111

7.6 H1 Benefits 111

7.7 Hse Benefits 112

      7.7.1 Interoperability of Subsystems 112

      7.7.2 Function Blocks 112

      7.7.3 Control Backbone 112

      7.7.4 Standard Ethernet 112

7.8 Communication Process 113

      7.8.1 OSI Reference Model 113

      7.8.2 PDU 114

      7.8.3 Physical Layer 114

      7.8.3.1 Manchester Coding 115

      7.8.3.2 Signaling 115

      7.8.4 Data Link Layer 116

      7.8.4.1 Medium Access Control 117

      7.8.4.2 Addresses 117

      7.8.4.3 LAS and Device Types 117

      7.8.5 Application Layer 122

      7.8.5.1 FAS 122

      7.8.5.2 FMS 124

7.9 Technology of Foundation Fieldbus 129

      7.9.1 User Application Blocks 130

      7.9.2 Resource Block 130

      7.9.3 Function Block 130

      7.9.3.1 Function Block Library 133

      7.9.3.2 Function Block Scheduling 133

      7.9.3.3 Application Clock Distribution 134

      7.9.3.4 Macrocycle and Elementary Cycle 135

      7.9.3.5 Device Address Assignment 135

      7.9.3.6 Tag Service 136

      7.9.4 Transducer Block 136

      7.9.5 Support Objects 137

7.10 Linking and Scheduling of Blocks 138

7.11 Device Information 138

      7.11.1 Device Description 139

      7.11.2 Device Description Language 139

      7.11.3 DD Tokenizer 139

      7.11.4 DD Services 139

      7.11.5 DD Hierarchy 140

      7.11.6 Capabilities File 141

      7.11.7 Device Identification 141

7.12 Redundancy 141

      7.12.1 Host-Level Redundancy 142

      7.12.1.1 Media Redundancy 142

      7.12.1.2 Network Redundancy 143

      7.12.1.3 Media and Network Redundancy 144

      7.12.2 Sensor Redundancy 144

      7.12.3 Transmitter Redundancy 144

7.13 Hse Device Types 145

7.14 System Configuration 146

      7.14.1 System Design 146

      7.14.2 Device Configuration 146

Chapter 8 Profibus 147

8.1 Introduction 147

8.2 Profibus Family 147

8.3 Transmission Technology 149

8.4 Communication Protocols 149

8.5 Device Classes 151

8.6 Profibus in Automation 152

8.7 Osi Model of Profibus Protocol Stack 153

8.8 Profibus-Dp Characteristics 153

      8.8.1 Version DP-VO 154

      8.8.1.1 Diagnostic Functions 154

      8.8.1.2 Synchronization and Freeze Mode 155

      8.8.1.3 System configuration 155

      8.8.1.4 Time monitors 155

      8.8.1.5 Token-Passing characteristics 156

      8.8.2 Version DP-V1 156

      8.8.2.1 cyclic and Acyclic communication 156

      8.8.3 Version DP-V2 158

      8.8.3.1 Slave-to-Slave communication 158

      8.8.3.2 Isochronous Mode 159

      8.8.3.3 Clock Control 159

      8.8.3.4 Upload and Download 159

      8.8.3.5 HART on DP 159

      8.8.3.6 Comparison between DP-V0, DP-V1, and DP-V2 159

      8.8.4 Communication Profile 159

      8.8.5 Physical Layer 160

      8.8.5.1 Transmission Speed vs. Segment Length 161

      8.8.6 Data Link Layer 162

      8.8.7 DDLM and User Interface 163

      8.8.8 State Diagram of Slave 164

      8.8.9 Addressing with Slot and Index 165

8.9 Profibus-Pa Characteristics 166

      8.9.1 Bus Access Method 167

      8.9.2 Data Telegram 168

      8.9.3 Device Profile 169

      8.9.4 PA Block Model 170

      8.9.4.1 Transducer Block 171

      8.9.4.2 Physical Block 171

      8.9.4.3 Function Block 172

      8.9.4.4 Device Management Block 172

8.10 Network Configuration 175

8.11 Bus Monitor 176

8.12 Time Stamp 176

8.13 Redundancy 176

8.14 Profisafe 178

8.15 Profidrive 179

8.16 Profinet 180

8.17 Profibus International 182

8.18 Foundation Fieldbus and Profibus—A Comparison 182

Chapter 9 Modbus and Modbus Plus 185

9.1 Introduction 185

9.2 Communication Stack 186

9.3 Network Architecture 187

9.4 communication transactions 187

      9.4.1 Master-Slave and Broadcast Communication 188

      9.4.2 Query-Response Cycle 189

      9.4.2.1 Address Field 189

      9.4.2.2 Function Field 189

      9.4.2.3 Data Field 190

      9.4.2.4 Error check Field 190

9.5 Protocol Description: PDU And ADU 190

9.6 Transmission Modes 191

      9.6.1 ASCII Mode 191

      9.6.2 RTU Mode 192

9.7 Message Framing 192

      9.7.1 ASCII Framing 192

      9.7.2 RTU Framing 193

9.8 Modbus TCP/IP 193

9.10 Message Frame 194

9.11 Networking Modbus Plus 195

Chapter 10 CAN Bus 196

10.1 Introduction 199

10.2 Features 199

10.3 Types 199

      10.3.1 Speed vs. Bus Length 200

10.4 Can Frames 200

10.5 Can Data Frame 200

10.6 Can Arbitration 202

      10.6.1 CAN Communication 204

10.7 Types of Errors 204

10.8 Error States 206

Chapter 11 DeviceNet 207

11.1 Introduction 207

11.2 Features 207

11.3 Object Model 208

11.4 Protocol Layers 208

11.5 Physical Layer 209

11.6 Data Link Layer 209

11.7 Application Layer 209

11.8 Power Supply And Cables 210

11.9 Error States 211

Chapter 12 AS-i 211

12.1 Introduction 213

12.2 Features 213

12.3 Different Versions 214

12.4 Topology 214

12.5 Protocol Layers 215

12.6 Physical Layer 215

12.7 Data Link Layer 215

12.8 Execution Control 216

12.9 Modulation Technique 217

Chapter 13 Seriplex 219

13.1 Introduction 219

13.2 Features 219

13.3 Physical Layer 220

13.4 Data Link Layer 220

13.5 Data Integrity 221

Chapter 14 Interbus-S 223

14.1 Introduction 223

14.2 Features 223

14.3 Operation 223

14.4 Topology 226

14.5 Protocol Structure 228

      14.5.1 Physical Layer 228

      14.5.2 Data Link Layer 228

      14.5.3 Application Layer 230

Chapter 15 ControlNet 233

15.1 Introduction 233

15.2 Features 233

15.3 Producer–Consumer Model 234

15.4 Controlnet Media 235

15.5 Physical Layer 236

15.6 Data Link Layer 236

15.7 Network and Transport Layers 240

15.8 Presentation Layer 242

15.9 Application Layer 242

Chapter 16 Intrinsically Safe Fieldbus Systems 245

16.1 INTRODUCTION 245

16.2 Hazardous Area 245

16.3 Hazardous Area Classification 245

      16.3.1 DIVISION CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 246

      16.3.2 ZONE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 246

16.4 Explosion Protection Types 246

16.5 Intrinsic Safety in Fieldbus Systems 248

16.6 Entity Concept 249

16.7 Fisco Model 250

16.8 Redundant Fisco Model 252

16.9 Multidrop Fisco Model 253

16.10 Hptc Model 254

16.11 Dart Model 255

16.12 PERFORMANCE SUMMARY 258

16.13 CONCLUSION 258

Chapter 17 Wiring, Installation, and Commissioning 259

17.1 INTRODUCTION 259

17.2 Hart Wiring 259

      17.2.1 SURGE PROTECTION 261

      17.2.2 DEVICE COMMISSIONING 262

17.3 Building a Fieldbus Network 262

      17.3.1 MULTIFIELDBUS DEVICES 263

      17.3.2 EXPANDING THE NETWORK 265

      17.3.2.1 NICs 266

      17.3.2.2 Hubs 266

      17.3.2.3 Repeaters 267

      17.3.2.4 Switches 268

      17.3.2.5 Bridges 269

      17.3.2.6 Routers 270

      17.3.2.7 Gateways 271

      17.3.2.8 Routers vs. Gateways 271

17.4 Powering Fieldbus Devices 272

17.5 SHIELDING 273

17.6 CABLES 274

17.7 Number of Spurs and Devices Per Segment 275

17.8 POLARITY 277

17.9 Segment Voltage and Current Calculations 277

17.10 Linking Device 280

17.11 Device Coupler 281

17.12 Communication Signals 283

17.13 Device Commissioning 286

      17.13.1 FOUNDATION FIELDBUS DEVICE COMMISSIONING 286

      17.13.2 PROFIBUS-PA FIELDBUS DEVICE COMMISSIONING 287

17.14 Host Commissioning 287

17.15 Wiring and Addressing Via Ethernet and Ip 288

17.16 ETHERNET 288

      17.16.1 IEEE ETHERNET STANDARDS 288

      17.16.2 TOPOLOGIES 291

17.17 Ip Basics 291

17.18 Ip Commissioning 292

      17.18.1 SUBNET 293

17.19 Manual Ip Configuration 293

17.20 Automatic Ip Configuration 293

Chapter 18 Wireless Communication 295

18.1 INTRODUCTION 295

18.2 Wireless Communication 295

      18.2.1 WIRED VS. WIRELESS 298

      18.2.2 ISM BAND 298

      18.2.3 WIRELESS STANDARDS 301

      18.2.3.1 WiFi 302

      18.2.3.2 WiMax 302

      18.2.3.3 Bluetooth 303

      18.2.3.4 ZigBee 305

      18.2.3.5 WHART 305

      18.2.3.6 ISA100.11a 306

      18.2.4 MEDIA ACCESS 306

      18.2.5 TOPOLOGY 307

18.3 Wireless Sensor Networks 309

      18.3.1 COEXISTENCE ISSUES 309

      18.3.2 WSNS IN INDUSTRIAL NETWORKS 311

      18.3.3 BENEFITS OF INDUSTRIAL WSNS 313

Chapter 19 WirelessHART 315

19.1 INTRODUCTION 315

19.2 Key Features 316

19.3 Whart Network Architecture 317

19.4 Protocol Stack 318

      19.4.1 PHYSICAL LAYER 318

      19.4.2 DATA LINK LAYER 319

      19.4.3 NETWORK LAYER 322

      19.4.4 TRANSPORT LAYER 323

      19.4.5 APPLICATION LAYER 324

19.5 Network Components 324

      19.5.1 NETWORK MANAGER 325

      19.5.2 SECURITY MANAGER 326

      19.5.3 GATEWAY 326

      19.5.4 ADAPTER 327

19.6 Addressing Control 327

      19.6.1 SAMPLE INTERVAL 327

      19.6.2 LATENCY AND JITTER 329

19.7 Coexistence Techniques 329

      19.7.1 CHANNEL HOPPING 330

      19.7.2 DSSS 331

      19.7.3 LOW POWER TRANSMISSION 332

      19.7.4 BLACKLISTING AND CHANNEL ASSESSMENT 332

      19.7.5 SPATIAL DIVERSITY 332

19.8 TIME-SYNCHRONIZED MESH PROTOCOL (TSMP) 332

19.9 SECURITY 333

      19.9.1 OSI LAYER-BASED SECURITY IN HART AND WHART 333

      19.9.2 END-TO-END SECURITY 334

      19.9.3 NPDU 335

      19.9.3.1 Security Control Byte 335

      19.9.3.2 Message Integrity Code (MIC) 336

      19.9.3.3 AES-CCM 336

      19.9.3.4 AES-CCM-CBC-MAC 337

19.10 Security Threats 338

      19.10.1 INTERFERENCE 338

      19.10.2 JAMMING 339

      19.10.3 SYBIL ATTACK 339

      19.10.4 COLLUSION 339

      19.10.5 TAMPERING 340

      19.10.6 SPOOFING 340

      19.10.7 EXHAUSTION 340

      19.10.8 DOS 340

      19.10.9 TRAFFIC ANALYSIS 341

      19.10.10 WORMHOLE 341

      19.10.11 SELECTIVE FORWARDING ATTACK 341

      19.10.12 DESYNCHRONIZATION 342

      19.10.13 SECURITY tHREATS AT DIFFERENT PROTOCOL LAYERS 343

19.11 REDUNDANCY 343

      19.11.1 REDUNDANCY IN WSN 343

      19.11.2 REDUNDANCY AT NETWORK ACCESS POINTS 344

      19.11.3 REDUNDANCY AT GATEWAY, NETWORK MANAGER, AND SECURITY MANAGER 344

19.12 Security Keys in Whart 345

      19.12.1 JOIN KEY 346

      19.12.2 SESSION KEYS 347

      19.12.3 NETWORK KEY 347

      19.12.4 HANDHELD KEY 347

      19.12.5 WELL-KNOWN KEY 348

19.13 Key Management 348

      19.13.1 KEY GENERATION 348

      19.13.2 KEY STORAGE 348

      19.13.3 KEY DISTRIBUTION 349

      19.13.4 KEY RENEWAL 349

      19.13.5 KEY REVOCATION 349

      19.13.6 KEY VETTING 350

      19.13.7 SHORTCOMINGS 350

19.14 WHART NETWORK FORMATION 351

19.15 Hart and Whart—A Comparison 352

19.16 Hart and Whart—Integration 353

Chapter 20 ISA100.11a 355

20.1 INTRODUCTION 355

20.2 Scope of Isa100 355

20.3 ISA100 WORKING GROUP 356

20.4 FEATURES 357

20.5 SENSOR CLASSES 359

20.6 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 359

20.7 CONVERGENCE BETWEEN ISA100.11A AND WHART 360

20.8 NAMUR proposal 360

20.9 ARCHITECTURE 361

      20.9.1 DIFFERENCES WITH WHART 363

      20.9.2 ROUTING ABILITY OF DEVICES 363

      20.9.3 SUBNET 364

      20.9.4 PROVISIONING DEVICE 364

      20.9.5 BACKBONE ROUTERS 364

      20.9.6 DEVICE MANAGEMENT DATA FLOW 365

      20.9.7 SYSTEM MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE 366

      20.9.8 SYSTEM MANAGEMENT APPLICATION PROCESS 366

20.10 Comparison Between Isa100.11A and Whart Protocol Stacks 367

20.11 Physical Layer 368

20.12 Data Link Layer 369

      20.12.1 PROTOCOL DATA UNIT 369

      20.12.2 COEXISTENCE ISSUES IN DLL 370

      20.12.2.1 TDMA 370

      20.12.2.2 Collision Avoidance 373

      20.12.2.3 Frequency Diversity 373

      20.12.2.4 Spectrum Management 374

      20.12.3 ROUTING IN DLL 374

      20.12.4 NEIGHBORHOOD DISCOVERY 375

      20.12.5 DLL CHARACTERISTICS 375

20.13 Network Layer 376

      20.13.1 FUNCTIONALITY 376

      20.13.2 HEADER FORMATS 376

      20.13.2.1 Basic 377

      20.13.2.2 Contract Enabled 377

      20.13.2.3 Full IPv6 378

      20.13.3 SUMMARY OF HEADER DIFFERENCES 378

      20.13.4 6LoWPAN 378

      20.13.5 DATA FLOW BETWEEN TWO SUBNETS 379

20.14 Transport Layer 379

      20.14.1 PROTOCOL DATA UNIT 380

      20.14.2 SECURITY 380

      20.14.3 Session and CONTRACT 381

20.15 Application Layer 381

      20.15.1 STRUCTURE 381

      20.15.2 PROTOCOL DATA UNIT 381

      20.15.3 COMMUNICATION MODEL 382

      20.15.4 OBJECTS, THEIR ADDRESSING, AND MERITS 382

      20.15.5 GATEWAY 384

      20.15.5.1 Gateway Service Access Point 384

20.16 Keys IN ISA100.11A 384

      20.16.1 JOINING BY SYMMETRIC KEY—A COMPARISON BETWEEN ISA100.11A AND WHART 385

      20.16.1.1 Protection of Join Messages 386

      20.16.1.2 Key Agreement and Distribution 388

      20.16.2 ASYMMETRIC KEYS 389

      20.16.2.1 Asymmetric Key-Based Join process 389

      20.16.2.2 Key Agreement and Distribution 389

      20.16.2.3 Security Policy 390

20.17 PROVISIONING OVERVIEW 391

      20.17.1 DIFFERENT KEYS 391

      20.17.2 CONFIGURATION BITS 392

      20.17.3 PROVISIONING DATA FLOW BETWEEN PD AND DBP 392

      20.17.4 REQUIREMENT FOR JOINING 392

      20.17.5 DIFFERENCES IN PROVISIONING BETWEEN ISA100.11 A AND WHART 392

20.18 Data Delivery Reliability 396

20.19 TWO-LAYER SECURITY 397

20.20 C0MMUNICATIONS IN ISA100.11A 397

20.21 ISA100.11A AND WHART—A COMPARISON 401

20.22 Conclusion 401

References 403

Index 407

Sunit Kumar Sen is a professor of instrumentation engi-neering in the Department of Applied Physics, University of Calcutta. He graduated from St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, in 1972 with honors in physics and secured first class. Subsequently, he did his BTech and M Tech degrees from the University of Calcutta in 1975 and 1977, respectively. He obtained his PhD (Tech) degree from the same university in 1993. PA\In 1978, he joined Bokaro Steel Plant (under SAIL) and served for more than five years as assistant manager, instrumentation (operation). In 1984, he joined the Department of Applied Physics as a lecturer. He teaches digi-tal electronics, microprocessors, digital commnication, industrial instru-mentation, electrical networks, fieldbus, etc. He has around 34 research papers in national and international journals. He has published two books: Understanding 8085/8086 Microprocessors and Peripheral ICs through Questions and Answers (2006, Ist edition; 2010, 2nd edition, and Measurement Techniques in Industrial Instrumentation (2012), both published by New Age International (P) Limited, New Delhi. He is a life member of I ETE, India, and a member of IEEE. PA\His research interests include new designs for PRBS generators, new designs and development of various types of ADCs such as sigma delta ADCs, pipeline ADCs with improved comparator error correction, designs of novel cyclic architectures in pipeline ADCs, etc. PA\He was head of the Department of Applied Physics and also USIC, University of Calcutta from 2008 through 2010.

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