With principles that are shaping today's most advanced technologies, from nanomedicine to electronic nanorobots, colloid and interface science has become a truly interdisciplinary field, integrating chemistry, physics, and biology. Colloid and Surface Chemistry: Exploration of the Nano World- Laboratory Guide explains the basic principles of colloid and interface science through experiments that emphasize the fundamentals. It bridges the gap between the underlying theory and practical applications of colloid and surface chemistry.
Separated into five chapters, the book begins by addressing research methodology, how to design successful experiments, and ethics in science. It also provides practical information on data collection and analysis, keeping a laboratory notebook, and writing laboratory reports. With each section written by a distinguished researcher, chapter 2 reviews common techniques for the characterization and analysis of colloidal structures, including surface tension measurements, viscosity and rheological measurements, electrokinetic methods, scattering and diffraction techniques, and microscopy.
Chapters 3-5 provide 19 experiments, each including the purpose of the experiment, background information, pre-laboratory questions, step-by-step procedures, and post-laboratory questions. Chapter 3 contains experiments about colloids and surfaces, such as sedimentation, exploration of wetting phenomena, foam stability, and preparation of miniemulsions. Chapter 4 covers various techniques for the preparation of nanoparticles, including silver, magnetic, and silica nanoparticles. Chapter 5 demonstrates daily-life applications of colloid science, describing the preparation of food colloids, body wash, and body cream.

List of figures xi

List of tables xix

Preface xxi

Authors xxv Contributors xxvii

Symbols xxix

Chapter1 Scientific research 1

The resea rch process 1

Eth ics in science 2

      Validi ty of research and documentation 3

      In teractions with the scientific commurnty 3

      The needs and values of society 4

Design of expenments 5

Fundamen tals of scientific computing 8

Nihat Baysal

      Dimensions and units 8

      Urut conversions 14

      Significant figures 15

      Errors in measurements 16

      Statistical significance 17

Recording data: Keeping a good notebook 20

Presenting data: Writing a laboratory report 21

      Cover page 21

      Table of contents 21

      Theoretical background 21

      Matenals 22

      Procedure 22

      Experimen tal data, observations, and calculations 22

      Graphs 22

      Results and discussion 23

References 23

Chapter 2 Characterization techniques 27

Surfacetension measurements 27

      Introduction 27

      Static surface tension measurements 29

      Shape and pressure methods 30

      Force methods 36

      Dynamic surface tension measurements 39

      Maxunum bubble pressure 40

      Spinning drop 40

      Other methods 40

      References 40

Viscosity/rheological measurements 41

      Introduction 41

      Fluids versus solids and viscoelasticity 41

      Material functions 42

      Kinematics 42

      Capillary flow 42

      Newtonian profile 43

      Weissenberg-Rabinowitsch method 43

      Drag flow 44

      Parallel plates 44

      Cone-and-plate 45

      Couette flow 46

      Additional considerations 47

      Wall slip 47

      Entrance effects 48

      Edge effects 48

      Instabi lities 48

      Torque sensitivity and instrument inertia 49

      Material segregation 49

Electrokinetic techrngues 49

      Introduction 49

      Units, order of magnitude, accuracy, and precision 50

      Model of the interface 50

      Sources of the electric potential in the interfacial region 52

      Description of the system 53

      Classical electrokmetic phenomena 54

      Electrophoresis 55

      Electroosmosis and streaming potential (current) 62

      Electroacoustic techniques 65

      References 67

      Further reading 67

Diffraction (XRD) 67

      Introduction 67

      Diffraction theory 68

      Crystal structures 69

      Bragg’s law 70

      Sample preparat ion and mstrnmentation 72

      Sample holder and sample preparation 72

      Source 74

      Detector 76

      Analysis of X-ray diffraction 78

      References 80

      Further reading 81

Scattering 81

      Introduction 81

      Small-angle scattering 86

      Static light scattering 92

      Dynamic light scattering 97

      References 98

Microscopy 99

      Introduction 99

      Optical (light) microscopy 103

      Scanning probe microscopy 105

      Scanning tunneling microscopy 108

      Atom ic force microscopy 110

      Electron microscopy 112

      Scanning electron microscopy 114

      Transmission electron microscopy 118

      References 122

Chapter 3 Colloids and surfaces 125

Experiment 1: Sed imentation 125

Experiment 2: Determ ination of critical micelle concentration of surfactants and factors affecting the critical micelle concentration 130

Experiment 3: Adsorption at interfaces: Gibbs adsorption isotherm 139

Experiment 4: Exploration of wetting phenomena 144

Experiment 5: Determination of polymer shape in solution using viscosity measurements 149

Experinment 6: Adsorption of polyelectrolytes on Silica Nanopa rticles. 155

Experiment 7: Colloidal stabil ity: Flocculation and coagulation 161

Experiment 8: Stabilization of colloids: Emulsions and pickering emulsions 166

Expenment 9: Foa m stability 171

Experiment 10: Preparation of colloidal structures using phase diagra ms (micelles, liposomes, and microemulsions) 176

Experiment 11:Preparation of miniemulsions by phase inversion 186

Chapter 4 Nanoparticles 191

Brief information about nanofluids 191

References 192

Experiment 12:Synthesis of metal (silver) nanoparticles (reduction) 192

Experiment 13: Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles 197

Experiment 14: Synthesis of silica nanoparticles (hyd rolysis condensation) 204

Experiment 15: Synth esis of nanoparticles in microemul sions (reduction in a confined environment) 208

Experiment 16: Synth esis of latex particles (in situ polymerization in miniemul sions) 215

Chapter 5 Applications 221

Experiment 17:Food colloids 221

Experiment 18: Body wash formulation 224

Experiment 19: Cream formulations 228

Index 233

中科院文献情报中心