《建筑设计中的绿色能源系统》指出节能建筑是指遵循气候设计和节能的基本方法，对建筑规划分区、群体和单体、建筑朝向、间距、太阳辐射、风向以及外部空间环境进行研究后，设计出的低能耗建筑，其主要指标有：建筑规划和□面布局要有利于自然通风，绿化率不低于35％；建筑间距应保证每户至少有一个居住空间在大寒日能获得满窗日照2小时等。

Introduction xiii

Acknowledgments xvii

Disclaimer Note xix

Chapter 1 Global Warming: Climatic and Atmospheric Changes 1

Climate Change Factors 1

Variations within the Earth's Climate 1

Natural Factors Driving Climate Change 2

The Memory of Climate 6

Human Influences on Climate Change 6

The Transition of Various Forms of Sequestered Solar Energy Use and

Their Effect on Societies 9

Industrial Sources of Atmospheric Pollution 12

The Little Ice Age 15

Chapter 2 Energy Systems

Conservation of Energy 19

The Concept of Energy in Various Scientific Fields 19

Chapter 3 Solar Power System Physics and Technologies

Brief History of the Photoelectric Phenomenon 23

Solar Cell Physics 26

Solar Cell Electronics 30

Solar Cell Manufacturing and Packaging Technologies 30

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 34

Multijunction PV Cells 40

Polymer Solar Cells 42

Concentrators 43

Solar Panel Arrays 44

Solar Power System Components 44

Crystalline, Amorphous, Thin-Film, and Sun-Tracker Technologies 51

Solar Power System Design 69

Storage Battery Technologies 77

Solar Power System Configurations 86

Ground-Mounted PV Module Installation and Support 97

Roof-Mounted Installations 98

Electrical Shock Hazard and Safety Considerations 100

Solar Tracking Systems 103

Field Safety Recommendations 106

Solar Power System Maintenance 107

Troubleshooting 108

Solar Power System Warning Signage 109

PV System Design Guidelines 110

Solar Power System Design Considerations 111

Solar Power Rebate Application Procedure 124

Solar Power System Deployment 126

Economics of Solar Power Systems 139

Special Note 155

Chapter 4 California Solar Initiative Program

CSI Fund Distribution 158

CSI Power-Generation Targets 158

Incentive Payment Structure 159

Expected Performance—Based Buydown (EPBB) 160

Performance-Based Incentive (PBI) 161

Host Customer 161

Solar Power Contractors and Equipment Sellers 162

PV System Sizing Requirements 163

Energy-Efficiency Audit 163

Warranty and Performance Permanency Requirements Insurance 164

Grid Interconnection and Metering Requirements 165

Inspection 165

CSI Limitations 165

CSI Reservation Steps 166

Incentive Payments 168

Equipment Distributors 168

Special Funding for Affordable Housing Projects 169

Special Funding for Public and Charter Schools 169

Principal Types of Municipal Leases 169

Chapter 5 Energy Conservation 173

Energy-Saving Measures 173

Power-Factor Correction 177

Electric Power Generation and Distribution 178

Computerized Lighting Control 180

California Title 24 Electric Energy Compliance 186

Demand-Side Energy Management and Control 195

LEED—Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design 203

State of California Green Building Action Plan 204

LEED 206

Chapter 6 Passive Solar Heating Technologies 223

Passive Solar Water Heating 223

Concentrator Solar Technologies 233

Solar Cooling and Air-Conditioning 236

Direct Solar Power Generation 240

Innovations in Passive Solar Power Technology 241

Chapter 7 Fuel Cell Technology 245

Fuel Cell Design 245

Fuel Cell Application 251

Fuel Cells as Alternatives to Internal Combustion Fuels 259

Hydrogen Economy 260

Chapter 8 Wind Energy Technologies 267

History of Wind Power 267

Wind Power Generation 268

Wind Power Management 268

Betz' Law of Fluid Dynamics 271

Structural Considerations 274

Basics of Wind Turbine Operation 276

Wind Turbine Energy Economics 279

Chapter 9 Ocean Energy Technologies 287

Tidal Power 287

Tidal Physics: Effects of the Terrestrial Centrifugal Force 287

Tidal Power Generation 288

Current Tidal Generation Technologies 292

Marine-Current Turbine Technologies 300

Some Interesting Oceanic Technologies 303

Chapter 10 Hydroelectric and Micro-Hydro Turbine Power 307

Hydroelectric Power Plants 307

Environmental Effects of Hydroelectric Power 309

Hydroelectric Power Technology 312

Classification of Hydropower Energy Facilities 313

Hydroelectric Plant Equipment 313

Case Studies of Hydroelectric Power Plants 315

Micro-Hydropower Generation 323

Chapter 11 Geothermal Energy 333

Thermal Power Extraction Potential 334

Geothermal Technologies 335

Geothermal Potential 337

Cost of Geothermal Energy and Economics 339

Geothermal Case Study in an Air-Conditioning Application 341

Ocean Thermal Energy 344

Chapter 12 Biofuel, Biogas, and Thermal Depolymerization Technologies 345

History 345

Chemical Composition 346

Origins of Biomass 346

Biomass Energy Potential 347

Energy Value of Biomass 348

Benefits of Biomass Energy 348

Microturbine Generators 350

Landfill, Wastewater Treatment, and Plant Biogas Generators 353

Hot Water and Generators 356

Economic Benefits of Using Landfill Gas 357

Environmental Benefits of Using Landfill Gas 357

Case Study of Successful Application of Microgenerator Technology 357 Cal Poly Biogas Case Study 360

Biomass Energy 362

Biofuels and Thermal Depolymerization 362

Biomass Energy Implementation 365

Carbon Black 366

Gasification Process 367

Biopower 368

Bioproducts 369

Some Interesting Facts about Bioenergy 370

Biodiesel 371

Chapter 13 Fission- and Fusion-Type Nuclear Power 375

Properties of Uranium 375

Nuclear Fission Power Plant 377

Construction of a Nuclear Power Plant 378

Subcriticality, Criticality, and Supercriticality 378

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fission Nuclear Reactors 378

Effects of Nuclear Radiation 379 Radioactive Decay 380

Radiation Danger 381 Nuclear Radiation Accidents 381

Case Study: San Onofre 383 Canadian CANDU Reactor 384

Pebble-Bed Reactor 387 Hyperion Nuclear Power Reactor 389

Fusion Reactors 394 Fusion as a Future Energy Source 401

Future Fusion-Reactor Research and Development 403

Chapter 14 Air Pollution Abatement 405

Effects of Pollution on Human and Animal Life 406

Pollution-Abatement Equipment 407

Emerging Future Technologies: Bioreactors 415

Groundwater Replenishment System 415

Chapter 15 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration and Carbon Trading Economics 421

Chemical and Physical Properties of Carbon Dioxide 421

Carbon Dioxide Production 422

Industrial Production of Carbon Dioxide 423

Industrial Uses of Carbon Dioxide 423

Carbon Dioxide in Photosynthesis 423

Carbon Dioxide Sequestration in Ocean Waters and Aquatic Life 424 Pesticides and Plastics 424

Carbon Dioxide in the Oil and Chemical Industries 425

Role of Carbon Dioxide in Human Physiology 425

Carbon Dioxide Use in the Production of Ammonia and Fertilizer 425

Carbon Credits 426

Economics of Global Warming 428

Appendix A Unit Conversion and Design Reference Tables 433 Appendix B Photo Gallery 475

Appendix C Historical Time Line of Solar Energy 485 Appendix D Glossary of Renewable Energy Power Systems 493 Bibliography 503

Index 505

Peter Gevorkian,Ph.D.,P.E.,is President of Vector Delta Design Group,Inc.,an electrical engineering and solar power design consulting firm,speizing in industrial,commer,and residential projects. Since 1971,he has been an active member of the Canadian and California boards of professional engineers.Dr.Gevorkian is also the author of Sustainable Energy Systems in Architectural Design, Sustainable Energy Systems Engineering,and Solar Power in Building Design,all published by McGraw-Hill.

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