The GreenSource guide to design and construction of large-scale solar power system projects Large-Scale Solar Power System Design is the definitive, standard-setting solar power system design and construction resource. It is essential for consulting engineers, technology specialists, construction contractors, and project managers who wish to develop the skills necessary to address complex technical and management issues associated with large-scale, grid-connected solar power systems. Design methodologies outline all aspects of solar and electrical design and construction documentation in meticulous detail, making the information readily applicable to ground-mount, roof-mount, building-integrated, and carport-type solar power projects. Large-Scale Solar Power System Design features: Systematic engineering design document standards Detailed installation diagrams Design tables Economic analysis of solar power systems, including power purchase agreements (PPAs) Test and measurement procedures and charts Photographs of actual systems being installed Appendices that contain design tables and information about national solar power incentive programs Complete coverage: Solar Power System Technologies; Solar Power System Physics; Solar Power System Components; Photovoltaic Power System Feasibility Study; Solar Power System Costing; Solar Power System Design; Large-Scale Solar Power System Construction; Concentrator Type Photovoltaic Systems; Solar Power System Project Management; The Smart Grid Systems; Solar Thermal Power; Solar Power Financing and Feed-in Tariff Programs.

Foreword xi

Introduction xiii

Acknowledgments xv

Disclaimer Note xvii

Chapter 1 Solar Power System Technologies 1

Introduction 1

Solar Cell Electronics 1

Solar Cell Technologies, Manufacturing, and Packaging 3

Reaching Grid Parity 16

Custom-Fabricated BIPV Solar Cells 19

Polycrystalline Photovoltaic Solar Cells 20

Amorphous Photovoltaic Solar Cells 20

Thin-Film Cadmium Telluride Cell Technology 21

Gallium-Arsenide Cell Technology 21

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 21

Multijunction Photovoltaic Cells 26

Polymer Solar Cells 28

Comparative Analysis 29

Bio-Nano Generators 30

Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems 30

An Overview of Solar Power System Applications 32

References 37

Chapter 2 Solar Power System Physics and Effects of Ambient C2\Parameter Variation 39

Introduction 39

Physics of Solar Cells Background: Photons 39

Photovoltaic Module Performance Characteristics 43

Charge Carrier Separation 45

PN-Junction Solar Cell Technology 45

Solar Cell Equivalent Circuit 46

Energy Conversion Efficiency 49

Cell Temperature 50

Comparative Analysis of Solar Cell Energy Conversion Efficiencies 54

Atmospheric and Climate Effects on Photovoltaic Modules 54

Solar Radiation Measurement Devices 59

Solar Array Orientation 60

Physics of Solar Intensity 61

Array Azimuth Angle 62

Insolation 62

Reference 68

Chapter 3 Solar Photovoltaic Power System Components 69

Introduction 69

Inverters 69

Storage Battery Technologies 85

Lightning Protection 91

Central Monitoring and Logging System 93

Ground-Mount PV Module Installation and Support Structures 95

Roof-Mount Installations 96

Solar-Tracking Systems 99

References 102

Chapter 4 Photovoltaic Power System Feasibility Study 103

Introduction 103

Feasibility Study 104

Site Survey 105

Solar Power System Preliminary Design Considerations 116

Meteorological Data 128

Structural Design Considerations 128

Project Preliminary Cost Estimate 128

Energy Cost Factors 129

Solar Power System Sizing Estimates 130

Preparing the Feasibility Study Report 140

Example of a Solar Feasibility Study Report 143

References 157

Chapter 5 Solar Power System Cost Analysis 159

Introduction 159

California Solar Initiative Calculator 159

Solar Power Costing Analytical Software 160

Solar Advisor Model 162

Incentives for Commercial Solar Projects 175

References 183

Chapter 6 Solar Power System Design

Introduction 185

Solar Power System Documentation 186

Chapter 7 Large-Scale Solar Power System Construction 231

Introduction 231

Study and Evaluation of Engineering Plans and Documents 231

Project Superintendent Responsibilities 233

Construction Supervision 235

Field Performance Test and Final Acceptance Commissioning Procedure 237

Avoiding Construction Negligence 238

System Integration Tests and Commissioning 241

Commissioning and Final Acceptance 241

The Objectives of Solar Power System Commissioning 244

Troubleshooting Procedures 257

Overview of Solar Power System Safety Hazards 260

Solar Power System Loss Prevention 262

Chapter 8 Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems 263

Introduction 263

Concentrator Photovoltaic Technologies 264

Advantages of CPV Compared to Conventional PV Technologies 264

Concentrator Design for Passively Cooled Modules 265

Recent Advances in CPV Technologies 265

Amonix CPV Solar System 266

Concentrix FLATCON® CPV Technology 275

SolFocus Concentrator Photovoltaic Technology 280

CPV Technology and Environmental Sustainability 286

Chapter 9 Solar Power System Project Management 289

Introduction 289

Project Development Phases 289

Critical Chain Project Management 290

Contractual Matters of Interest 290

Technical Matters of Interest 291

Contractor Experience 292

Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) Contracts 293

Project Completion Schedule 295

Solar Power System Expenditure Profile 296

California Energy Commission and the Rebate Program 297

Project Management Training Curriculum 302

Reference 302

Chapter 10 Smart-Grid Systems 303

Introduction 303

United States Unified Smart Grid 304

The International Smart-Grid Systems 304

Prospect of Smart-Grid Systems and Special Features 305

SuperSmart Grid 305

Types of Electrical Power Grids 306

Principle Function and Architecture of Smart-Grid Systems 307

Impact of Smart Grid on Renewable Energy Production 308

Synchronized Grid Interconnections 308

Western American Interconnection 309

Smart-Grid Advanced Services and Devices 310

Smart Grid and Mesh Networking 314

Grid Home Network (G.hn) Communication Standard 317

Smart Grid and Climate Change 319

References 321

Chapter 11 Solar Thermal Power 323

Introduction 323

Benefits of Solar Thermal Concentrator Technologies 325

Trough Parabolic Heating System Technologies 326

Solar Tower Technology 330

Solar Dish Technologies 334

Concentrating Linear Fresnel Reflectors 337

Experimental Solar Thermal Power Systems 337

Thermoelectric Solar Power System 337

Solar Thermal Power Cost and Development Issues 339

Summary 340

References 340

Chapter 12 Solar Power Rebate, Financing, and Feed-In

Tariff Programs 341

Introduction 341

California Solar Initiative Rebate Program 341

Conclusion 354

California Feed-In Tariffs 355

Appendix A Unit Conversion and Design Reference Tables 359

Appendix B Energy Systems 401

Appendix C Los Angeles City Fire Department Requirement 405

Appendix D Photo Gallery 411

Appendix E State-Wide Solar Initiative Programs 425

Appendix F List of California Energy Commision Certified Solar Power Equipment 471

Index 663

Peter Gevorkian, Ph.D., P.E., is President of Vector Delta Design Group, Inc., an electrical engineering and solar power design con-sulting firm located in La Canada Flintridge, California. He holds a B.S. in electrical engineering, an M.S. in computer science, and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering. He has been the recipient of numer-ous awards for engineering merit, design achievement, solar power design, and renewable energy systems. Dr. Gevorkian has taught computer science, automation control, and renewable energy systems engineering, and has written many technical papers for national and international symposiums. He is the author of the books Sustainable Energy Systems in Architectural Design, Sustainable Energy Systems Engineering, Solar Power in Building Design, and Alternative Energy Systems in Building Design, all published by McGraw-Hill.

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