Netter's Atlas of Human Pathology is intended to provide students with a clear, concise, and compelling presentation of the pathologic basis of the most common human diseases. Pathology is a science and medical discipline that deals with the causes (etiology), mechanisms (pathophysiology), and interrelated anatomical, functional, and clinical manifestations of disease. Pathology is a vast field encompassing all of human disease and expanding geometrically to include information from rapidly evolving advances in the basic biomedical sciences, particularly the elucidation of the human genome. However, understanding human disease will always require a clear understanding of the ultimate expression of disease as anatomical changes in tissues and organs (pathologic anatomy). Therefore, this Atlas provides readily understandable representations of common human diseases, concentrating on pathologic anatomy and relating the anatomical changes to the functional and clinical manifestations of disease and their underlying causes and mechanisms.
The initial chapter covers basic pathologic changes encountered in organs and tissues in many disease processes, including degeneration and atrophy; apoptosis and necrosis; acute and chronic inflammation; immunologic reactions; regeneration, hypertrophy, and hyperplasia; and dysplasia and neoplasia. The following 12 chapters deal with diseases of specific organ systems: the cardiovascular system; respiratory system; gastrointestinal system; liver, gallbladder, and pancreas; kidneys and urinary system; male and female reproductive systems; integumentary (skin) system; hematopoietic and lymphatic systems; bones, joints, and soft tissues; endocrine system; and nervous system. Each chapter begins with a concise summary of the various pathologic processes and diseases to be presented in the chapter. The main body of each chapter consists of illustrations of pathologic processes and diseases accompanied by concise text aimed at clarifying and expanding the information presented in the illustrations. Comparative data about similar disease processes are summarized in tables.
The Atlas is designed to complement a comprehensive textbook of pathology or a course syllabus by providing a vivid visual framework and companion for the study of the causes, patho-physiology, and natural history of disease. The Atlas also can be used as an adjunct when studying gross and microscopic pathology specimens in the laboratory. Additionally, the Atlas can serve as an introduction to new subject matter and as a review after appropriate detail has been learned. Thus, the Atlas is meant to be a useful learning aid for students involved in their first human pathology course and a review for students, medical residents, physicians, and other health care professionals at subsequent stages of their careers.
The distinguishing element of this Atlas is the brilliantly conceived and executed medical illustrations of the famous physician-artist, Frank H. Netter, MD. As a result of a long and productive career, Dr. Netter has left a legacy of a vast collection of medical art familiar to physicians and other health care professionals throughout the world. Dr. Netter's insight into and understanding of structure-function relations has produced compelling and memorable depictions of the fundamental features of disease processes.
The Netter illustrations are the core of the Atlas. However, in some cases, the Netter drawings have been supplemented with gross photographs and photomicrographs to enhance and complete the picture. The chapters on general pathology, skin, and hematologic disorders use gross and microscopic photographs to illustrate these pathologic processes. Through the combination and integration of the Netter illustrations, gross and microscopic photographs, tables, and text, our goal is to present students with an Atlas that enhances their knowledge, understanding, and appreciation of the pathologic basis of human disease. Pathology is the fundamental bridging discipline linking the basic biomedical sciences to clinical medicine. Therefore, our ultimate goal is for our students to use their knowledge of pathology to become scientifically grounded, effective physicians and health care professionals. L. Maximilian Buja, MD Gerhard R.F. Krueger, MD, PhD

CHAPTER 1: GENERAL REACTION PATTERNS

Introduction 1

      Degeneration 2

      Atrophy 3

      Apoptosis and Necrosis 4

      Acute Inflammation 5

      Chronic Inflammation 6

      Immunologic Inflammation: B Cell 7

      Immunologic Inflammation: T Cell 9

      Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia 10

      Dysplasia and Neoplasia 11

      Malignant Tumors 12

CHAPTER 2: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Introduction 15

Congenital Malformations

      Ventricular Septal Defect: Membranous Type 18

      Patent Ductus Arteriosus 19

      Atrial Septal Defects 20

      Atrioventricular Septal Defects 21

      Tetralogy of Fallot 22

      Transposition of the Great Vessels 23

      Tricuspid Atresia 24

      Coarctation of the Aorta 25

      Aortic Atresia and Aortic Valvular Stenosis 26

Atherosclerosis

      Atherosclerosis 27

      Critical Areas of Atherosclerosis 28

Coronary Heart Disease

      Pathologic Changes in Coronary Artery Disease 29

      Acute and Subacute Myocardial Infarcts 30

      Healed Myocardial Infarcts 31

      Rupture of Myocardial Infarcts 32

Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease

      Causes of Hypertension 33

      The Kidneys in Hypertension: Benign and Malignant 34

      The Heart in Hypertension: Concentric Hypertrophy 35

Heart Failure

      Pathophysiology of Heart Failure 36

      The Kidneys in Congestive Heart Failure 37

      Left-Sided Heart Failure: Eccentric Hypertrophy 38

      Right-Sided Heart Failure: Acute Cor Pulmonale 39

      Right-Sided Heart Failure: Chronic Cor Pulmonale 40

Diseases of the Aorta

      Aortic Atherosclerosis 41

      Cystic Medial Degeneration of the Aorta 42

      Dissecting Aneurysm of the Aorta 43

Immunologic Diseases

      Rheumatic Fever 44

      Rheumatic Heart Disease 45

      Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease 46

      Rheumatic Heart Disease: Mitral Stenosis 47

      Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 48

      Myocarditis in Sarcoidosis and Scleroderma 49

      Other Inflammatory Diseases of the Heart

      Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis 50

      Infective Endocarditis: Portals of Entry and Predisposing Factors 51

      Infective Endocarditis: Early Lesions 52

      Infective Endocarditis: Advanced Lesions 53

      Infective Endocarditis: Right-Sided Involvement 54

      Infective Endocarditis: Remote Embolic Effects 55

      Septic Myocarditis 56

      Diphtheritic and Viral Myocarditis 57

Cardiomyopathies and Metabolic Diseases

      Dilated (Congestive) Cardiomyopathy 58

      Idiopathic Hypertrophic Subaortic Stenosis: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 59

      Cardiac Involvement in Amyloidosis: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 60

Valvular Heart Disease

      Rheumatic Heart Disease 61

      Aortic Valve Disease 62

      Mitral Valve Prolapse 63

Tumors of the Heart

      Primary Heart Tumors 64

      Metastatic Heart Tumors 65

Diseases of the Pericardium

      Diseases of the Pericardium 66

      Adhesive Pericarditis 67

Trauma

      Nonpenetrating and Penetrating Heart Wounds 68

CHAPTER 3: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Introduction 69

Obstructive Lung Diseases

      Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 70

      Chronic Bronchitis 71

      Cystic Fibrosis 72

      Emphysema 73

      Asthma 74

Restrictive Lung Diseases

      Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome 75

      Extrinsic Allergic Alveolitis 76

      Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia) 77

      Collagen-Vascular Disease: Lung Involvement 78

      Systemic Vasculitis: Wegener Disease 79

      Pneumoconiosis 80

      Sarcoidosis 82

Vascular Lung Diseases

      Pulmonary Embolism 83

Pulmonary Infectious Diseases

      Bacterial Pneumonias 85

      Viral Pneumonias 86

      Opportunistic Pneumonias 87

      Pulmonary Tuberculosis 88

Tumors in the Lungs and the Pleura

      Lung Cancer 90

      Small-Cell Lung Cancer 91

      Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer 92

      Lung Cancer: Extrapulmonary Manifestations 93

      Pancoast Tumor 94

      Other Lung Tumors 95

      Metastatic Malignancy to the Lung 96

CHAPTER 4: GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM

Introduction 97

Diseases of the Esophagus

      Esophagitis 99

      Chronic Reflux Esophagitis and Barrett Esophagus 100

      Esophageal Cancer: Squamous Cell Carcinoma 101

      Esophageal Cancer: Adenocarcinoma 102

Diseases of the Stomach

      Gastric Hernia 103

      Gastritis 105

      Atrophic Gastritis 106

      Peptic Ulcers 107

      Duodena! Ulcers 108

      Carcinomas of the Stomach 109

      Early Gastric Cancer 110

      Spread of Gastric Carcinomas 111

Diseases of the Small and Large Intestines

      Diverticulosis of the Colon 112

      Malabsorption Syndrome 114

      Food Poisoning 116

      Shigellosis 118

      Typhoid Fever 119

      Amebiasis 120

      Gastrointestinal Tuberculosis 121

      Parasitic Disease of the Gastrointestinal Tract 122

      Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion 124

      Acute Appendicitis 125

      Acute Peritonitis 126

      Crohn's Disease 127

      Ulcerative Colitis 128

Bowel Obstruction

      Obstruction of the Bowel 130

Tumors of the Small and Large Intestines

      Tumors of the Small Intestine 132

      Familial Polyposis of the Large Intestine 133

      Cancer of the Small Intestine: Adenocarcinomas 134

      Cancer of the Small Intestine: Lymphomas 135

      Cancer of the Small Intestine: Carcinoid Tumors 136

      Colon Cancer 137

CHAPTER 5: LIVER, GALLBLADDER, AND PANCREAS

Introduction 139

Inflammatory Diseases of the Liver

      Acute Viral Hepatitis 142

      Chronic Hepatitis 143

      Cirrhosis of the Liver 144

      Portal Hypertension 145

      Bacterial Infections of the Liver 146

      Liver Abscesses 147

      Granulomatous Hepatitis 148

      Weil Disease 149

      Echinococcus Cyst 150

      Schistosomiasis 151

Toxic and Immunologic Disorders of the Liver

      Alcoholism 152

      Toxic Injuries 153

Metabolic Diseases Involving the Liver

      Hemochromatosis 154

      Wilson Disease 155

      Amyloidosis of the Liver 156

      Storage Diseases 157

Primary Tumors of the Liver

      Hepatocellular Carcinoma 158

      Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma 159

Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis

      Cholelithiasis 160

      Cholelithiasis: Complications 161

      Cholestasis: Extrahepatic and Intrahepatic 162

      Cholecystitis 164

Tumors of the Gallbladder and the Bile Ducts

      Cancer of the Gallbladder 165

      Cancer of the Bile Ducts and the Ampullary Region 166

Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis

      Acute Pancreatitis 167

      Chronic Pancreatitis 168

Cystic Fibrosis

      Cystic Fibrosis 169

Carcinoma of the Pancreas

      Pancreatic Cancer 170

      Tumors of the Pancreas: Metastases 171

CHAPTER 6: KIDNEYS, URETERS, AND URINARY BLADDER

Introduction 173

Primary Diseases of the Kidney

      Acute Renal Failure I 175

      Acute Renal Failure II 176

      Chronic Renal Failure 177

      Uremia 178

      Nephrotic Syndrome: Pathophysiology 179

      Nephrotic Syndrome: Pathology 180

      Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease 181

      Acute and Chronic Glomerular Injury Produced by Circulating Immune Complexes 182

      Acute Glomerulonephritis 184

      Chronic Glomerulonephritis: Early Stage 185

      Chronic Glomerulonephritis: Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis 186

      Chronic Glomerulonephritis: Membranous Glomerulonephritis 187

      Focal Segmental Glomerulonephritis 188

      Nephropathy in Anaphylactoid Purpura 189

      Lupus Nephritis 190

      Acute Diffuse Interstitial Nephritis 192

The Kidney and Systemic Diseases

      Diabetic Nephropathy: Renal Pathology 193

      Benign Essential Hypertension 194

      Malignant Phase of Essential Hypertension: Renal Pathology 195

      Renovascular Hypertension 196

      Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome 197

      Renal Amyloidosis 198

      Progressive Systemic Sclerosis and Rheumatoid Arthritis 199

      Polyarteritis Nodosa 200

      Toxic Nephropathy 201

      Renal Vein Thrombosis 202

      Lung Purpura With Nephritis 203

      Hypokalemic Nephropathy 204

      Calcium Nephropathy 205

      Myeloma 206

Diseases of the Urinary System

      Obstructive Uropathy 207

      Cystitis 208

      Pyelonephritis 209

      Papillary Necrosis 210

      Renal Carbuncle and Perirenal Abscess 211

      Tuberculosis of the Urinary Tract 212

      Urinary Schistosomiasis 213

      Urinary Tract Calculi 214

      Renal Cystic Diseases: Simple Cysts 215

      Renal Cystic Diseases: Adult Polycystic Kidney 216

      Benign Renal Tumors 217

      Malignant Tumors of the Kidney 218

      Tumors of the Pelvis and the Ureter 220

      Tumors of the Bladder 221

      Nephroblastoma 222

      Diverticula of the Bladder 223

      Neurogenic Bladder 224

CHAPTER 7: DISEASES OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Introduction 225

Development of the Genital Tracts

      Functional Gonadal Relations 227

      Hermaphroditism 228

Diseases of the Penis and the Urethra

      Congenital Anomalies: Congenital Valves, Epispadia, and Hypospadia 229

      Phimosis, Paraphimosis, and Strangulation 230

      Peyronie Disease, Priapism, and Thrombosis 231

      Balanitis 232

      Urethritis 233

      Syphilis 234

      Chancroid, Lymphogranuloma Venereum, and Granuloma Inguinale 235

      Strictures 236

      Warts, Precancerous Lesions, and Cancer 237

      Papilloma and Cancer of the Urethra 239

Diseases of the Prostate Gland and the Seminal Tract

      Prostatitis 240

      Nodular Hyperplasia: Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy 241

      Carcinoma of the Prostate: Types, Extension, and Metastases 243

Diseases of the Scrotum and the Testis

      Hydrocele and Spermatocele 245

      Varicocele, Hematocele, and Torsion 246

      Infection and Gangrene 247

      Testicular Failure: Primary Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism and Prepubertal Failure 248

      Testicular Failure: Secondary Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism 249

      Sexual Precocity 250

      Infection and Abscess of the Testis and the Epididymis 251

      Testicular Tumors: Seminoma and Embryonal Carcinoma 252

      Testicular Tumors: Choriocarcinoma, Teratoma, and Teratocarcinoma 253

CHAPTER 8: DISEASES OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Introduction 255

Diseases of the Vulva

      Dermatoses 258

      Diabetic Vulvitis, Trichomoniasis, Moniliasis, and Gonorrhea 259

      Syphilis and Genital (Venereal) Warts 260

      Chancroid, Lymphogranuloma Venereum, and Granuloma Inguinaie 261

      Circulatory Disturbances, Cysts, and Benign Tumors 262

      Malignant Tumors 263

Diseases of the Vagina

      Congenital Anomalies of the Vagina 264

      Vaginal Atrophy 265

      Cystocele and Rectocele 266

      Trichomoniasis, Moniliasis, Nonspecific Vaginitis, and Chemical and Traumatic Vaginitis 267

      Syphilis, Gonorrhea, and Tuberculosis 269

      Cysts and Primary Benign and Malignant Tumors 270

      Malignant Tumors: Metastases and Extension 272

      Endometriosis of the Vulva, the Vagina, and the Cervix 273

Diseases of the Uterus

      Congenital Anomalies of the Uterus 274

      Displacements and Prolapse 275

      Lacerations, Strictures, and Polyps 277

      Endometrial Hyperplasia and Polyps and Tuberculous Endometritis 278

      Cervicitis: Erosions, Moniliasis, Trichomoniasis, and Syphilis 279

      Cervicitis: Gonorrhea and Pyogenic Infections 280

      Leiomyoma (Fibroid) 281

      Leiomyoma: Secondary Changes 282

      Sarcoma 283

      Cervical Cancer: Cytology 284

      Cervical Cancer: Stages and Types 285

      Cancer of the Uterine Corpus: Stages and Types 286

      Cancer of the Uterine Corpus: Histology and Extension 287

      Functional and Pathologic Causes of Uterine Bleeding 288

Diseases of the Fallopian Tubes

      Acute Salpingitis: Pathways of Infection and Parametritis 289

      Acute Salpingitis: Pyosalpinx 290

      Pelvic Peritonitis: Abscess 291

      Tuboovarian Abscess 292

      Tuberculosis 293

      Salpingitis Isthmica Nodosa and Carcinoma 294

Diseases of the Ovary

      Developmental Abnormalities 295

      Physiologic Variations and Nonneoplastic Cysts 296

      Endometriosis of the Pelvis 297

      Serous Cystoma and Serous Cystadenoma 298

      Papillary Serous Cystadenoma 299

      Mucinous Cystadenoma 300

      Teratoma: Dermoid Cyst and Solid Teratoma 301

      Feminizing Neoplasms: Granulosa Cell Tumor and Theca Cell Tumor 302

      Masculinizing Neoplasms: Arrhenoblastoma and Adrenal Rest Tumor 303

      Stein-Leventhal Syndrome 304

      Dysgerminoma and Brenner Tumor 305

      Stromatogenous Neoplasms: Fibroma, Meigs Syndrome, and Sarcoma 306

      Primary Cystic Carcinoma 307

      Primary Solid Carcinoma 308

      Secondary Ovarian Carcinoma 309

Pregnancy and Its Diseases

      Placenta Previa and Abruptio Placentae 310

      Couvelaire Uterus, Rupture of the Uterus, and Maternal Pulmonary Embolism 312

      Ectopic Pregnancy: Tubal Pregnancy 313

      Abortion 314

      Syphilis 315

      Puerperal Infection 316

      Intrauterine Neoplasms 317

      Erythroblastosis Fetalis 318

      Acute Toxemia of Pregnancy: Symptomatology of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia 319

      Acute Toxemia of Pregnancy: Visceral Lesions in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia 320

      Acute Toxemia of Pregnancy: Placental Lesions in Preeclampsia and Eclampsia and Infarcts 321

Pathology of the Mammary Gland

      Painful Engorgement and Puerperal Mastitis 322

      Fibrocystic Disease: Early Changes 323

      Fibrocystic Disease: Cystic Changes 324

      Fibrocystic Disease: Adenosis 325

      Benign Fibroadenoma and Intracystic Papilloma 326

      Giant Myxoma and Sarcoma 327

      Infiltrating Carcinoma 328

      Fulminant Carcinoma 329

      Circumscribed Forms of Adenocarcinoma 330

      Paget Disease of the Nipple 331

CHAPTER 9: INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM (SKIN)

Introduction 333

Acute Dermatitis

      Urticaria and Acute Eczematous Dermatitis 334

      Erythema Multiforme 335

Chronic Dermatitis

      Lichen Planus and Psoriasis 336

Vesicular and Bullous Dermatoses

      Dermatitis Herpetiformis and Pemphigus Vulgaris 337

Infectious Diseases

      Impetigo, Cellulitis, and Erysipelas 338

      Herpes Simplex and Varicella Zoster 339

      Miscellaneous Viral Skin Infections 340

      Dermal Candidiasis 341

      Lyme Disease 342

Hyperplasia and Benign Tumors

      Keratoses 343

      Nevi 344

Malignant Tumors

      Basal Cell Carcinoma 345

      Squamous Cell Carcinoma 345

      Malignant Lymphomas 346

      Malignant Melanoma 347

CHAPTER 10: HEMATOPOIETIC AND LYMPHATIC TISSUES

Introduction 349

Red Blood Cell Disorders

      Acquired Anemias 350

      Hereditary Anemias 351

      Anemias of Deficient Hemopoiesis 352

      Polycythemia Vera 353

      Malaria 354

White Blood Cell Disorders (Nonlymphatic)

      Hematopoietic Hypoplasia 355

      Myelodysplastic Syndrome 356

      Osteomyelofibrosis 357

      Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia 358

      Primary Thrombocythemia 359

      Acute Myelogenous Leukemia 360

      Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Subtypes MO, M1, and M2 361

      Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Subtype M3 362

      Acute Myelomonocytic Leukemia Subtypes M4 and M5 362

      Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Subtypes M7 and M6 363

Nonneoplastic Lymphatic Disorders

      Lymphatic Hyperplasia 364

      Autoimmune Diseases 365

      Suppurative Inflammation 366

      Granulomatous Inflammation 367

      Viral Infections 368

      Immune Deficiency Disorders 369

      Acquired Immune Deficiency Disorders 370

      Graft-Versus-Host Reaction 371

Neoplastic Lymphatic Disorders

      Hodgkin Disease 372

      Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas, Microscopic 373

      Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas, Gross View 375

      Lymphocytic Leukemias 376

      Multiple Myeloma and Waldenstrom Disease 377

CHAPTER 11: BONES, JOINTS, AND SOFT TISSUES

Introduction 379

Diseases of Calcium Metabolism

      Osteoporosis 381

      Osteoporosis: Clinical Manifestations 382

      Rickets and Osteomalacia 383

      Renal Osteodystrophy 384

      Primary Hyperparathyroidism 385

Infectious Diseases

      Osteomyelitis 386

      Chronic Osteomyelitis 387

      Infectious Arthritis 388

      Tuberculous Arthritis 389

Noninfectious Arthritic Diseases

      Osteoarthritis 390

      Osteoarthritis: Clinical Manifestations 391

      Rheumatoid Arthritis 392

      Rheumatoid Arthritis: Clinical Manifestations 393

Paget Disease

      Paget Disease 394

      Paget Disease: Clinical Manifestations 395

Tumors of the Skeletal System

      Fibrous Dysplasia 396

      Aneurysmal Bone Cysts 397

      Enchondroma 399

      Osteochondroma 400

      Giant Cell Tumor 401

      Osteosarcoma 402

      Chondrosarcoma 403

      Ewing Sarcoma 404

Soft Tissue Disorders

      Compartment Syndrome 405

      Collagen-Vascular Disease 406

      Benign Soft Tissue Tumors 408

      Malignant Soft Tissue Tumors 409

CHAPTER 12: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Introduction 411

Hypothalamus

      Endocrine Function I 413

      Endocrine Function II 414

Pituitary Gland

      Anatomy of Hypophysis 415

      Acidophi! Adenoma 416

      Basophil Adenoma 417

      Chromophobe Adenoma 418

      Hypopituitarism 419

      Diabetes Insipidus 420

Thyroid Gland

      Physiology of Thyroid Hormones 421

      Hyperthyroidism 422

      Congenital Hypothyroidism and Myxedema 423

      Goiter 425

      Thyroiditis 426

      Thyroid Adenomas and Carcinoma 428

Parathyroid Glands

      Hyperparathyroidism 430

      Hypoparathyroidism 431

Adrenal Cortex

      Adrenal Cortex: Anatomy and Hyperplasia 432

      Adrenogenital Syndrome 433

      Hyperaldosteronism 434

      Acute Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency 435

      Chronic Adrenal Cortical Insufficiency 436

Adrenal Medulla

      Pheochromocytomas 437

Endocrine Pancreas

      Hyperinsulinism 438

      Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 439

      Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 440

CHAPTER 13: NERVOUS SYSTEM

Introduction 441

Neurologic Disorders of Infancy and Childhood

      Cranial Hemorrhage 444

      Brain Malformations 445

      Spinal Dysraphism 446

      Hydrocephalus 447

      Hypotonia 448

      Brain Tumors in Children 449

      Neurocutaneous Syndromes 450

Pathologic Basis of Common Problems in Neurology

      Headache/Giant Cell Arteritis and Polymyalgia Rheumatica 451

      Causes of Vertigo 452

      Causes of Seizures 453

      Differential Diagnosis of Coma 454

Cerebrovascular Disease

      Diagnosis of Stroke 455

      Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Embolism 456

      Stenosis or Occlusion of the Carotid Artery 457

      Collateral Circulation With Occlusion of the Internal Carotid Artery 458

      Occlusion of the Middle and Anterior Cerebral Arteries 459

      Lacunar Infarction 460

      Ischemia in Vertebrobasilar Territory: Clinical Manifestations Related to Site 461

      Cardiac Sources of Cerebral Emboli 462

      Uncommon Etiologic Mechanisms in Stroke 463

      Intracerebral Hemorrhage 464

      Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Clinical Manifestations Related to Site 465

      Vascular Malformations 466

      Congenital Intracranial Aneurysms 467

      Hypoxic Brain Damage and Brain Death 468

Central Nervous System Trauma

      Epidural Hematoma 469

      Acute and Chronic Subdural Hematoma 470

      Cervical Spine Injury: Incomplete Spinal Cord Syndromes 472

Brain Tumors

      Gliomas 473

      Tumors Metastatic to the Brain 474

      Meningiomas 475

      Pituitary Tumors 476

      Craniopharyngiomas 477

      Tumors of the Pineal Region 478

      Acoustic Neuromas 479

      Neurofibromatosis 480

      Intraventricular Tumors 481

Degenerative Disorders of the Central Nervous System

      Alzheimer Disease: Pathology 482

      Normal-Pressure Hydrocephalus 483

      Chorea 484

      Parkinson Disease and Related Disorders 485

Infectious Diseases

      Bacterial Meningitis 486

      Parameningeal Infections 488

      Neurosyphilis 489

      Tuberculosis of the Brain and Spine 490

      Poliomyelitis 491

      Herpes Zoster 493

      Herpes Simplex Encephalitis and Rabies 494

      Slow Virus Infections and Spongiform Encephalopathies 495

Demyelinating Disorders of the Central Nervous System

      Multiple Sclerosis: Central Nervous System Pathology 496

Disorders of the Spinal Cord, Nerve Root, and Plexus

      Acute Spinal Cord Syndromes: Pathology, Etiology, and Diagnosis 497

      Tumors of the Spinal Column 498

      Tumors of the Spinal Cord 499

      Syringomyelia 501

      Subacute Combined Degeneration 502

      Cervical Disc Herniation: Clinical Manifestations 503

      Lumbar Disc Herniation: Clinical Manifestations 504

Disorders of the Motor Neuron, Peripheral Nerve, Neuromuscular Junction, and Skeletal Muscles

      Diseases of the Motor-Sensory Unit: Regional Classification 505

      Primary Motor Neuron Disease 506

      Peripheral Neuropathies: Metabolic, Toxic, and Nutritional 507

      Mononeuritis Multiplex With Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN) 508

      Myasthenia Gravis 509

      Guillain-Barre Syndrome 510

      Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 512

      Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis 513

Index 515

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