Diagnostic medical images are now an integral component of contemporary courses in medical gross anatomy. This primarily reflects the steadily increasing teaching of clinical correlations within such courses. Accordingly, radiographic images are included in all gross anatomy atlases and textbooks. These images are typically plain radiographs, axial CT/MRI (computed tomography/magnetic resonance image) scans, and angiograms of various parts of the vascular system.
Although such images reflect the capabilities of diagnostic imaging technology of perhaps 25 years ago, they do not reflect the full integration of computer graphics capabilities into radiology. This integration has resulted in a tremendous expansion in the ability of radiology to represent human anatomy. The active process of reformatting imaging data into optimal planes and types of image reconstruction that best illustrate anatomic/pathologic features is not limited to academic centers. To the contrary, the graphics workstation is now a commonly used tool in the practice of diagnostic radiology. Special views and image reconstructions are currently part of the diagnostic process and are usually made available to all those participating in patient care, along with an interpretation by the radiologist that describes the pathology and relevant anatomy.
This situation led us to the realization that any student of anatomy would benefit from early exposure to the manner of appearance of key anatomic structures in diagnostic images, especially advanced CTs and MRIs. Thus, in 2007 we (a radiologist and two anatomists) chose to develop an atlas that illustrates how modern radiology portrays human anatomy. To accomplish this task, we decided to match modern diagnostic images with a subset of the anatomic drawings from the Atlas of Human Anatomy by Dr. Frank H. Netter. Netter's atlas has become the gold standard of human anatomy atlases. Its images are quite familiar to the vast majority of students who complete a course in human gross anatomy. By providing a bridge between the manner in which anatomic features appear in Netter's atlas to their appearance in radiographic images, this book enables the acquisition of comfortable familiarity with how human anatomy is typically viewed in clinical practice.
In this second edition of our atlas we welcome to our author team Dr. Kenneth S. Lee from the Department of Radiology at the University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health. Dr. Lee's area of specialty is diagnostic and therapeutic musculoskeletal ultrasound. We invited Dr. Lee to become an author of Netter's Concise Radiologic Anatomy because we have included in this edition approximately 10 new radiologic illustrations that match Netter plates with ultrasound images. We were reluctant to include ultrasound images in the first edition of this book because ultrasound, relative to radiographs, CT, and MRI, does not often provide a visual perspective on anatomy that is comparable to the Netter drawings. However, ultrasound anatomy is being incorporated into an increasing number of medical gross anatomy courses, and the utilization of ultrasound is now inherently part of many medical specialties. Therefore, with the help of Dr. Lee, we found examples of ultrasound images that could be matched with Netter drawings.
In addition to the incorporation of the ultrasound images, in this second edition we have improved the CT7MR matches for other plates, added a few new matches, and made corrections to errors we found in the first edition for which we apologize to any reader who was confused by our mistakes. We have also deleted a few illustrations that we felt did not portray as good a match as we initially thought and hopefully improved some of the clinical and anatomic notes we include with each plate.
In selecting and creating images for this atlas, we frequently had to choose between diagnostic images that are in very common use (axial, coronal, and sagittal slices) and images that result from more advanced reconstruction techniques, that is, images that are not commonly found in clinical practice but that more clearly depict anatomic structures and relationships. When a "routine" image was found that matched the Netter Atlas well and illustrated key anatomic points, it was selected. However, we decided to include many advanced image reconstructions, such as maximum intensity projection and volume rendered ("3-D") displays.
We understand that learning to interpret radiographic images requires reference to normal anatomy. Accordingly, we believe our atlas will facilitate this process by closing a common mental gap between how an anatomic feature looks in an anatomic atlas versus its appearance in clinical imaging. Edward C. Weber, Joel A. Vilensky, Stephen W. Carmichael, Kenneth S. Lee

Introduction xxiii

Section 1 Head and Neck

Skull, Basal View 2

Skull, Interior View 4

Upper Neck, Lower Head Osteology 6

Axis (C2) 8

Cervical Spine, Posterior View 10

Cervical Spondylosis 12

Vertebral Artery, Neck 14

Vertebral Artery, Atlas 16

Craniovertebral Ligaments 18

Neck Muscles, Lateral View 20

Neck Muscles, Anterior View 22

Scalene and Prevertebral Muscles 24

Right Subclavian Artery, Origin 26

Carotid Artery System 28

Thyroid Gland 30

Neck, Axial Section at Thyroid Gland 32

Nasal Conchae 34

Nasal Septum, Components 36

Nasal Septum, Hard and Soft Palate 38

Pterygopalatine Fossa 40

Nose and Paranasal Sinuses 42

Olfactory Bulbs 44

Ethmoid Air Cells and Sphenoid Sinus 46

Maxillary Sinus 48

Floor of Mouth 50

Floor of Mouth (Continued) 52

Facial Muscles 54

Temporomandibular Joint 56

Pterygoid Muscles 58

Tongue and Oral Cavity 60

Tongue, Coronal Section 62

Parotid and Submandibular Salivary Glands 64

Submandibular and Sublingual Salivary Glands 66

Pharynx, Median Sagittal Section 68

Carotid Arteries in the Neck 70

Thyroid Gland and Major Neck Vessels 72

Larynx 74

Nasolacrimal Duct 76

Orbit, Coronal Section 78

Orbit, Lateral View 80

Orbit, Superior Oblique Muscle and Tendon 82

Orbit, Superior View 84

Globe of Eye 86

Inner Ear 88

Facial Nerve in Canal 90

Tympanic Cavity (Middle Ear) 92

Bony Labyrinth 94

Superior Sagittal Sinus 96

Cerebral Venous Sinuses 98

Cavernous Sinus 100

Cerebral Venous System 102

Cerebral Cortex and Basal Ganglia, Axial Section 104

Cranial Nerves IX, X, XI 106

Brainstem, Midsagittal View 108

Optic Pathway 110

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII) 112

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII) and Canal 114

Brain, Arterial Supply 116

Basilar and Vertebral arteries 118

Arteries of the Brain 120

Pituitary Gland 122

Section 2 Back and Spinal Cord

Thoracic Spine 126

Lumbar Vertebrae 128

Structure of Lumbar Vertebrae 130

Lumbar Spine 132

Sacrum 134

Vertebral Ligaments 136

Ligamentum Flavum 138

Spinal Nerves, Lumbar 140

Spinal Cord, Nerve Roots 142

Conus Medullaris and Cauda Equina 144

Intercostal Vessels and Nerves, Posterior 146

Vertebral Venous Plexuses 148

Back, Lower Paraspinal Muscles 150

Deep Muscles of the Back 152

Semispinalis Capitis 154

Suboccipital Triangle 156

Lumbar Region, Cross Section 158

Section 3 Thorax

Breast, Lateral View 162

Lymph Nodes of the Axilla 164

Lymph Nodes of the Axilla (Continued) 166

Anterior Chest Wall 168

Chest Wall Musculature 170

Costovertebral and Costotransverse Joints 172

Internal Thoracic Artery, Anterior Chest Wall 174

Diaphragm 176

Left Lung, Medial View 178

Right Lung, Lateral View 180

Lung, Segmental Bronchi 182

Mediastinum 184

Lung, Lymph Drainage 186

Thoracic Duct 188

Heart Chambers 190

Branches of the Arch of Aorta 192

Heart, Posterior View 194

Coronary Vessels, Anterior View 196

Left Side of the Heart 198

Aortic Valve 200

Umbilical Cord 202

Ductus Arteriosus and Ligamentum Arteriosum 204

Posterior Mediastinum 206

Mediastinum, Right Lateral View 208

Mediastinum, Left Lateral View with Aneurysm 210

Thoracic Esophagus 212

Esophagogastric Junction 214

Azygos and Hemiazygos Veins 216

Pericardium, Mediastinum Section 218

Section 4 Abdomen

Rectus Abdominis 222

Anterior Abdominal Wall Muscles 224

Abdominal Wall, Superficial View 226

Inguinal Region 228

Quadratus Lumborum 230

Psoas Major 232

Kidneys, Normal and Transplanted 234

Abdominal Regions 236

Appendix 238

Abdomen, Upper Viscera 240

Omental Bursa, Oblique Section 242

Stomach, In Situ 244

Stomach, Mucosa 246

Duodenum and Pancreas 248

Liver, Vascular System 250

Bile and Pancreatic Ducts 252

Spleen, In Situ 254

Gastroepiploic Arteries 256

Porta Hepatis 258

Celiac Trunk, Normal and Variant 260

Arteries of the Small Bowel 262

Marginal Artery (of Drummond) 264

Veins of the Small Bowel 266

Chyle Cistern 268

Mesenteric Lymph Nodes 270

Celiac Plexus 272

Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland 274

Suprarenal (Adrenal) Glands and Kidneys 276

Kidneys and Abdominal Aorta 278

Renal Arteries, Variation (Multiple) 280

Renal Pelvis 282

Ureter, Pelvic Aspect 284

Kidneys and Ureters 286

Kidneys and Associated Vessels 288

Kidney, Oblique Sagittal Section 290

Right Renal Vasculature 292

Abdominal Viscera, Parasagittal Section 294

Section 5 Pelvis and Perineum

Pelvis 298

Female Pelvis, Round Ligament, and Ovary 300

Female Pelvic Viscera, Sagittal View 302

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes 304

Bulb of Penis, Coronal Section 306

Uterus and Uterine Tube 308

Uterus and Adnexa 310

Female Perineum 312

Female Perineum and Deep Perineum 314

Penis, Cross Section 316

Seminal Vesicles 318

Prostate, Coronal View 320

Testis and Epididymis 322

Ischioanal Fossa 324

Anal Sphincters 326

Anal Musculature 328

Male Perineum 330

Ureters 332

Common, Internal, and External Iliac Arteries 334

Inguinal Lymph Nodes 336

Preaortic, Iliac, and Inguinal Lymph Nodes 338

Section 6 Upper Limb

Anterior View of the Shoulder Girdle 342

Shoulder Joint, Glenoid Fossa 344

Sternoclavicular Joint 346

Shoulder Joint, Supraspinatus Muscle 348

Shoulder Joint, Supraspinatus Muscle (Continued) 350

Shoulder Joint, Biceps Tendon 352

Shoulder Joint, Anterior and Sagittal Views 354

Quadrangular and Triangular Spaces 356

Subscapularis Muscle 358

Axillary Artery 360

Axillary Region 362

Pectoralis Major 364

Brachial Plexus 366

Biceps and Brachialis Insertions 368

Elbow, Anterior Perspective 370

Elbow, Lateral View 372

Elbow, Ulnar Nerve 374

Elbow, Cubital Tunnel 376

Bones of the Forearm 378

Radius and Ulna 380

Forearm, Lateral Musculature 382

Forearm, Medial Musculature 384

Extensor Muscles of the Wrist 386

Flexor Muscles of the Wrist 388

Carpal Bones 390

Wrist, Osteology and Joint 392

Wrist, Palmar Ligaments 394

Wrist, Dorsal Ligaments 396

Wrist, Carpal Tunnel 398

Wrist, Carpal Tunnel (Continued) 400

Wrist, Ulnar Nerve 402

Bones of the Hand and Wrist 404

Metacarpophalangeal Joints 406

Hand, Axial Section 408

Interphalangeal Joints 410

Interphalangeal Joints (Continued) 412

Section 7 Lower Limb

Saphenous Veins 416

Arteries of the Lower Limb 418

Hip Joint 420

Vasculature of the Femoral Head 422

Iliopectineal Bursa 424

Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Group 426

Deep Anterior Thigh Region 428

Deep Hip Muscles 430

Sciatic Nerve 432

Sciatic Nerve, Gluteal Region 434

Gluteal Region 436

Thigh, Axial Sections 438

Knee Joint, Superior View 440

Knee Joint, Anterior View 442

Knee Joint, Lateral View 444

Cruciate Ligaments 446

Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon 448

Common Fibular (Peroneal) Nerve 450

Foot Osteology, Lateral View 452

Foot Osteology, Medial View 454

Calcaneus 456

Ankle Joint Muscles, Lateral View 458

Tarsal Tunnel 460

Fibular (Peroneus) Tendons at Ankle 462

Fibular (Peroneus) Tendons at Ankle (Continued) 464

Deltoid Ligament 466

Deltoid Ligament (Continued) 468

Fibularis {Peroneus) Brevis Tendon 470

Plantar Aponeurosis 472

Muscles of the Plantar Foot, Second Layer 474

Glossary and Abbreviations 477

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