The Definitive, Comprehensive Guide to Cutting-Edge Millimeter Wave Wireless Design
“This is a great book on mm Wave systems that covers many aspects of the technology targeted for beginners all the way to the advanced users. The authors are some of the most credible scholars I know of who are well respected by the industry. I highly recommend studying this book in detail.”
―Ali Sadri, Ph.D., Sr. Director, Intel Corporation, MCG mmWave Standards and Advanced Technologies
Millimeter wave (mmWave) is today’s breakthrough frontier for emerging wireless mobile cellular networks, wireless local area networks, personal area networks, and vehicular communications. In the near future, mmWave applications, devices, and networks will change our world.
In Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications, four of the field’s pioneers, including Theodore S. Rappaport, Robert W. Heath, Robert C. Daniels, and James N. Murdock, draw on their vast experience to empower engineers at all levels to succeed with mmWave. They deliver fundamental, end-to-end coverage of all aspects of future mmWave wireless communications systems.
The authors explain new multi-Gigabit per second products and applications, mmWave signal propagation, analog and digital circuit design, mmWave antenna designs, and current and emerging wireless standards. They cover comprehensive mmWave wireless design issues for 60 GHz and other mmWave bands, from channel to antenna to receiver, introducing emerging design techniques that will be invaluable for research engineers in both industry and academia.
Topics include
Digital communication: baseband signal/channel models, modulation, equalization, error control coding, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) principles, and hardware architectures
Radio wave propagation characteristics: indoor and outdoor channel models and beam combining
Antennas/antenna arrays, including on-chip and in-package antennas, fabrication, and packaging
Analog circuit design: mmWave transistors, fabrication, and transceiver design approaches
Baseband circuit design: multi–gigabit-per-second, high-fidelity DAC and ADC converters
Physical layer: algorithmic choices, design considerations, and impairment solutions; and how to overcome clipping, quantization, and nonlinearity
Higher-layer design: beam adaptation protocols, relaying, multimedia transmission, and multiband considerations
60 GHz standardization: IEEE 802.15.3c for WPAN, Wireless HD, ECMA-387, IEEE 802.11ad, Wireless Gigabit Alliance (WiGig)

When the cellular telephone revolution began in the 1970s, it was hard to imagine how wireless communication would become such a fundamental part of today's world. Indeed, the Internet had not yet been invented, personal computers did not exist, and long-distance data communication was carried out overland line phones using analog audio modems with data rates no greater than 300bitsper second. The launch of the commercial cellular telephone industry gave birth to unprecedented freedom and func-tionality, the wireless age was born, and tether less communications captured the hearts and minds of a new generation of engineers and technologists, and most importantly, the public. As the computer and Internet revolutions sprang forward in the 1990s and into the 21st century, the wireless industry followed. Despite its remarkable growth, however, wireless has failed to reach its full potential.

Preface xvii

Acknowledgments xxi

About the Authors xxiii

Part I Prerequisites 1

1 Introduction 3

      1.1 The Frontier: Millimeter Wave Wireless 3

      1.2 A Preview of MmWave Implementation Challenges 17

      1.3 Emerging Applications of MmWave Communications 19

      1.3.1 Data Centers 19

      1.3.2 Replacing Wired Interconnects on Chips 21

      1.3.3 Information Showers 22

      1.3.4 The Home and Office of the Future 23

      1.3.5 Vehicular Applications 24

      1.3.6 Cellular and Personal Mobile Communications 25

      1.3.7 Aerospace Applications 26

      1.4 Contributions of This Textbook 27

      1.5 Outline of This Textbook 28

      1.5.1 Illustrations for this Textbook 30

      1.6 Symbols and Common Definitions 31

      1.7 Chapter Summary 32

2 Wireless Communication Background 33

      2.1 Introduction 33

      2.2 Complex Baseband Representation 34

      2.3 Digital Modulation 39

      2.3.1 Symbols 40

      2.3.2 Symbol Detection 41

      2.3.3 Binary Phase Shift Keying and Variants 43

      2.3.4 Amplitude Shift Keying and Variants 45

      2.3.5 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying and Variants 45

      2.3.6 Phase Shift Keying 47

      2.3.7 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 48

      2.4 Equalization in the Time Domain 49

      2.4.1 Linear Equalization 51

      2.4.2 Decision Feedback Equalization 53

      2.4.3 Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation 55

      2.5 Equalization in the Frequency Domain 56

      2.5.1 Single Carrier Frequency Domain Equalization 57

      2.5.2 OFDM Modulation 60

      2.6 Error Control Coding 62

      2.6.1 Block Codes for Error Detection 63

      2.6.2 Reed-Solomon Code 64

      2.6.3 Low Density Parity Check Codes 65

      2.6.4 Convolutional Codes 67

      2.6.5 Trellis Coded Modulation 69

      2.6.6 Time Domain Spreading 70

      2.6.7 Unequal Error Protection 71

      2.7 Estimation and Synchronization 72

      2.7.1 Structure to Facilitate Communication 73

      2.7.2 Frequency Offset Synchronization 75

      2.7.3 Frame Synchronization 78

      2.7.4 Channel Estimation 79

      2.8 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Communication 81

      2.8.1 Spatial Multiplexing 82

      2.8.2 Spatial Diversity 84

      2.8.3 Beamforming in MIMO Systems 85

      2.8.4 Hybrid Pre coding 87

      2.9 Hardware Architectures 88

      2.10 System Architecture 91

      2.11 Chapter Summary 95

Part II Fundamentals 97

3 Radio Wave Propagation for MmWave 99

      3.1 Introduction 99

      3.2 Large-Scale Propagation Channel Effects 101

      3.2.1 Log-Distance Path Loss Models 105

      3.2.2 Atmospheric Effects 106

      3.2.3 Weather Effects on MmWave Propagation 108

      3.2.4 Diffraction 111

      3.2.5 Reflection and Penetration 111

      3.2.6 Scattering and Radar Cross Section Modeling 117

      3.2.7 Influence of Surrounding Objects, Humans, and Foliage 119

      3.2.8 Ray Tracing and Site-Specific Propagation Prediction 122

      3.3 Small-Scale Channel Effects 126

      3.3.1 Delay Spread Characteristics 129

      3.3.2 Doppler Effects 130

      3.4 Spatial Characterization of Multipath and Beam Combining 132

      3.4.1 Beam-Combining Procedure 132

      3.4.2 Beam-Combining Results 133

      3.5 Angle Spread and Multipath Angle of Arrival 135

      3.6 Antenna Polarization 138

      3.7 Outdoor Channel Models 139

      3.7.1 3GPP-Style Outdoor Propagation Models 149

      3.7.2 Vehicle-to-Vehicle Models 165

      3.8 Indoor Channel Models 166

      3.8.1 Ray-Tracing Models for Indoor Channels 169

      3.8.2 Rayleigh, Rician, and Multi wave Fading Models 169

      3.8.3 IEEE 802.15.3c and IEEE 802.11ad Channel Models 171

      3.8.4 IEEE 802.15.3c 177

      3.8.5 IEEE 802.11ad 178

      3.9 Chapter Summary 184

4 Antennas and Arrays for MmWave Applications 187

      4.1 Introduction 187

      4.2 Fundamentals of On-Chip and In-Package MmWave Antennas 189

      4.2.1 Antenna Fundamentals 191

      4.2.2 Fundamentals of Antenna Arrays 194

      4.3 The On-Chip Antenna Environment 198

      4.3.1 Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Technology (CMOS) 200

      4.4 In-Package Antennas 209

      4.5 Antenna Topologies for MmWave Communications 211

      4.6 Techniques to Improve Gain of On-Chip Antennas 225

      4.6.1 Integrated Lens Antennas 231

      4.7 Adaptive Antenna Arrays | Implementations for MmWave Communications 235

      4.7.1 Beam Steering for MmWave Adaptive Antenna Arrays 237

      4.7.2 Antenna Array Beamforming Algorithms 242

      4.7.3 Specific Beamforming Algorithms一ESPRIT and MUSIC 249

      4.7.4 Case Studies of Adaptive Arrays for MmWave Communications 251

      4.8 Characterization of On-Chip Antenna Performance 252

      4.8.1 Case Studies of MmWave On-Chip Antenna Characterization 253

      4.8.2 Improving Probe Station Characterizations of On-Chip or In-Package Antennas 255

      4.9 Chapter Summary 257

5 MmWave RF and Analog Devices and Circuits 259

      5.1 Introduction 259

      5.2 Basic Concepts for MmWave Transistors and Devices 260

      5.3 S-Parameters, Z-Parameters, Y-Parameters, and ABCD-Parameters 263

      5.4 Simulation, Layout, and CMOS Production of MmWave Circuits 267

      5.5 Transistors and Transistor Models 273

      5.6 More Advanced Models for MmWave Transistors 279

      5.6.1 BSIM Model 286

      5.6.2 MmWave Transistor Model Evolution—EKV Model 287

      5.7 Introduction to Transmission Lines and Passives 288

      5.7.1 Transmission Lines 292

      5.7.2 Differential versus Single-Ended Transmission Lines 298

      5.7.3 Inductors 298

      5.7.4 Parasitic Inductances from Bond Wire Packaging 304

      5.7.5 Transformers 304

      5.7.6 Interconnects 308

      5.8 Basic Transistor Configurations 308

      5.8.1 Conjugate Matching 309

      5.8.2 Miller Capacitance 310

      5.8.3 Poles and Feedback 311

      5.8.4 Frequency Tuning 313

      5.9 Sensitivity and Link Budget Analysis for MmWave Radios 314

      5.10 Important Metrics for Analog MmWave Devices 317

      5.10.1 Non-Linear Intercept Points 317

      5.10.2 Noise Figure and Noise Factor 322

      5.11 Analog MmWave Components 323

      5.11.1 Power Amplifiers 323

      5.11.2 Low Noise Amplifiers 334

      5.11.3 Mixers 342

      5.11.4 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) 350

      5.11.5 Phase-Locked Loops 364

      5.12 Consumption Factor Theory 370

      5.12.1 Numerical Example of Power-Efficiency Factor 374

      5.12.2 Consumption Factor Definition 376

      5.13 Chapter Summary 382

6 Multi-Gbps Digital Baseband Circuits 383

      6.1 Introduction 383

      6.2 Review of Sampling and Conversion for ADCs and DACs 384

      6.3 Device Mismatches: An Inhibitor to ADCs and DACs 393

      6.4 Basic Analog-to-Digital Conversion Circuitry: Comparators 394

      6.4.1 Basic ADC Components: Track-and-Hold Amplifiers 397

      6.5 Goals and Challenges in ADC Design 403

      6.5.1 Integral and Differential Non-Linearity 406

      6.6 Encoders 407

      6.7 Trends and Architectures for MmWave Wireless ADCs 409

      6.7.1 Pipeline ADC 409

      6.7.2 Successive Approximation ADCs 410

      6.7.3 Time-Interleaved ADC 411

      6.7.4 Flash and Folding-Flash ADC 413

      6.7.5 ADC Case Studies 420

      6.8 Digital-to-Analog Converters (DACs) 421

      6.8.1 Basic Digital-to-Analog Converter Circuitry: The Current DAC 422

      6.8.2 Case Studies of DAC Circuit Designs 429

      6.9 Chapter Summary 431

Part III MmWave Design and Applications 433

7 MmWave Physical Layer Design and Algorithms 435

      7.1 Introduction 435

      7.2 Practical Transceivers 436

      7.2.1 Signal Clipping and Quantization 436

      7.2.2 Power Amplifier Non-linearity 439

      7.2.3 Phase Noise 441

      7.3 High-Throughput PHYs 444

      7.3.1 Modulation, Coding, and Equalization 445

      7.3.2 A Practical Comparison of OFDM and SC-FDE 447

      7.3.3 Synchronization and Channel Estimation 459

      7.4 PHYs for Low Complexity, High Efficiency 461

      7.4.1 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 462

      7.4.2 0n-Off, Amplitude Shift Keying (OOK, ASK) 463

      7.4.3 Continuous Phase Modulation 463

      7.5 Future PHY Considerations 464

      7.5.1 Ultra-Low ADC Resolution 464

      7.5.2 Spatial Multiplexing 466

      7.6 Chapter Summary 469

8 Higher Layer Design Considerations for MmWave 471

      8.1 Introduction 471

      8.2 Challenges when Networking MmWave Devices 472

      8.2.1 Directional Antennas at the PHY 472

      8.2.2 Device Discovery 475

      8.2.3 Collision Detection and Collision Avoidance 476

      8.2.4 Channel Reliability Due to Human Blockage 478

      8.2.5 Channel Utilization and Spatial Reuse 480

      8.3 Beam Adaptation Protocols 481

      8.3.1 Beam Adaptation in IEEE 802.15.3c 482

      8.3.2 Beam Adaptation in IEEE 802.11ad 483

      8.3.3 Beam Adaptation for Backhaul 484

      8.3.4 Beam Adaptation through Channel Estimation 484

      8.4 Relaying for Coverage Extension 487

      8.5 Support for Multimedia Transmission 493

      8.6 Multiband Considerations 497

      8.7 Performance of Cellular Networks 500

      8.8 Chapter Summary 504

9 MmWave Standardization 507

      9.1 Introduction 507

      9.2 60 GHz Spectrum Regulation 509

      9.2.1 International Recommendations 509

      9.2.2 Regulations in North America 509

      9.2.3 Regulations in Europe 510

      9.2.4 Regulations in Japan 510

      9.2.5 Regulations in Korea 511

      9.2.6 Regulations in Australia 511

      9.2.7 Regulations in China 511

      9.2.8 Comments 511

      9.3 IEEE 802.15.3c 512

      9.3.1 IEEE 802.15.3 MAC 512

      9.3.2 IEEE 802.15.3c MmWave PHY 520

      9.4 Wireless HD 550

      9.4.1 Application Focus 550

      9.4.2 Wireless HD Technical Specification 551

      9.4.3 The Next Generation of Wireless HD 554

      9.5 ECMA-387 555

      9.5.1 Device Classes in ECMA-387 555

      9.5.2 Channelization in ECMA-387 556

      9.5.3 MAC and PHY Overview for ECMA-387 557

      9.5.4 Type A PHY in ECMA-387 559

      9.5.5 Type B PHY in ECMA-387 560

      9.5.6 Type C PHY in ECMA-387 561

      9.5.7 The Second Edition of ECMA-387 561

      9.6 IEEE 802.11ad 562

      9.6.1 IEEE 802.11 Background 562

      9.6.2 Important IEEE 802.11ad MAC Features 564

      9.6.3 Directional Multi-Gigabit PHY Overview for IEEE 802.11ad 572

      9.7 WiGig 582

      9.8 Chapter Summary 583

Bibliography 585

List of Abbreviations 653

Index 657

James N. Murdock is an RF and analog engineer at Texas Instru-ments (TI), where he focuses on low-power and mmWave frequency circuits. Prior to joining TI, James studied for his B. S. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering at The University of Texas at Austin under the mentorship of Dr. Rappaport. James's master's thesis covered low-power techniques for RF systems and applications of these techniques to large-scale communication systems, in addition to mmWave channel modeling. James has cowritten more than ten conference papers in topics ranging from low-power timing circuits (ISSCC 2014) to on-chip mmWave anten-nas (MTT-S 2011) to mmWave channel modeling (WCNC 2012). James has cowritten three journal papers.

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