This highly-regarded introductory textbook has been used by many generations of students worldwide. It is specifically tailored to the requirements of first or second year geology undergraduates.

PREFACE (v)

Volume 1

1. GENERAL GEOLOGY 1

The Solar System 1

Inner Planets 6

Outer Solar System 8

Origin and Interior of the Earth 24

Radioactivity 29

Radiocarbon Dating 38

Fission Track Dating 43

Chlorine-36 Dating Method 44

Age of the Earth 45

Volcano 53

Ea1thquake 55

Island Arcs 71

Deep Sea Trench 71

Mid-ocean Ridges 80

Seatloor Spreading 82

Isostasy 84

Orogeny 86

Epeirogeny 86

Continent 86

Ocean 93

2 GEOMORPHOLOGY ANO REMOTE SENSING 99

Historical Overview 99

Processes 100

Weathering 100

Mass Wasting 105

Landfonns, Slopes and Drainage 107

Morphology and Lithology 113

Hydrology and Environmental Studies 115

Geomorphology of lndian Subcontinent 121

Remote Sensing 122

Historical Overview 123

Data Acquisition Techniques 124

Aerial Photographs 127

Electromagnetic Spectrum 132

Orbiting Satellite 136

Sensor System 140

Indian Remote Sensing Satellite 145

The IRS System 145

Satellites Data Products 148

Application of Remote Sensing in Geology 148

Geographic Information System and its Applications 149

Global Positioning System 154

3 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY 165

Use and Importance 165

Methods of Measurement, Reconstruction and Calculation 166

Geologic Mapping and Map Reading 169

Strain Markers in Deformed Rocks 187

Behaviour of Minerals 190

Behaviour Affecting the Deformation of Rocks 192

Superposed Deformation 193

Petrofabrics 194

4. PALEONTOLOGY 197

Historical and Allied Science 198

Sources of Evidence 200

Estimati ng the Dates of Organisms 201

The Evolutionary History of Life 202

Mass Extinctions 204

History of Paleontology 205

Species:Definitions and Nomenclature 207

Vertebrates Megafossils 212

Microfossils 214

Modes of Preservation of Fossi ls 216

Stratigraphic Utility of Ammonoidea 230

Evolutionary Trend of Equidae 235

Gondwana Flora and its Importance 236

5. STRATIGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF INDIA 239

What is Stratigraphy 239

Classification of Stratigraphic Sequences 240

Precambrian Rocks in India: Classification and Distribution 245

Study of Stratigraphic Descriptive 248

South India 249

Madhya Pradesh 251

Singhbhum-Gangpur 253

Rajasthan 256

Major Boundary Problems 258

Climatic Condition of lndian Subcontinent 266

Tectonic Framework of lndia 274

Evolution of the Himalaya 284

Volume 2

6. HYDROGEOLOG 289

Definitions and Characteristics 289

Hydrologic Cycle and Genetic Classification of Water 290

Hydraulic Head 296

Movement of Subsurface Water 297

Groundwater 310

Drainage Basin Morphology 319

7. ENGINElRING GEOLOGY 327

Engineering Properties of Rocks 329

Alkali-aggregate Reaction 335

Landslides 336

Prevention 338

Rehabilitation 339

Enrthqunke-resistant Structures 342

8. MINERAIOGY 347

Historical Overview 349

Classificntion of Mineralogical Study 354

Crystal: Classification into Systems and Classes of Symmetry 355

Stereographic Projection 359

X-ray rystnllogrnphy 365

Rock-Fonning Minerals 369

Pleochroism 373

Sillicate Mineral Groups 378

Common Mincrnls oflgncous nnd Metamorphic Rocks 380

Mincmls of the Cnrbonutc. Phosphate. Sulphide and Halide Groups 387

9. IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY 391

Igneous Petrology 392

Deccan Volcanic Province (DVP) 409

Metamorphic Petrology 414

The Phase Rule 417

The ACF Diagram 420

The A'KF Diagram 420

Structures and Textures of Metamporphic Rocks 421

Metasomatism 423

Granitisation 425

Migmatite 426

10. SEDIMENTOLOGY 427

Sedimentary Rock 427

Properties of Sediments 429

Clastic Rocks and its Classification 429

Sedimentary Facies and Provenance 431

Sedimentary Structures 431

Heavy Minerals 431

Sedimentary Basins of India 432

11. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 435

Ore 435

Mineral Resources 439

Process of Formation of Minerals Deposits 440

Ore Textures 441

Metallogenic Epochs and Provinces 442

Geology of the Important Mineral Deposits in India 443

National Mineral Policy 444

Law of the Sea 455

Mineral Resources from the Ocean 457

Conservation of Mineral Resources 459

12. MINING GEOLOGY 463

Techniques of Sampling 466

Estimation of Reserves or Ore 467

Method of Exploration and Mining Ores and Mineral Resources 468

Mining 474

13.GEOCIIEMISTRY 503

Chemical Characteristics 503

Mineral Constitution 504

Cosmic A bundance of Elements 505

Composition of the Solar Sy$tem, Planets, Meteorites 506

Structure and Composition of Earth 511

Distribution of Elements on Earth 513

Crystal Chemistry 514

Isomorphism 518

Thermodynamics 519

14. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOG\' 529

Natural Hazards 530

Environmental Impact of Urbanization 535

Environmental Risks of Fe1tilizer Use 540

Fly-ash 545

Water Pollution 547

Marine Pollution 551

Environment Protection and Legislative Measures in India 555

BIBLIOGRAPHY 567

INDEX 583

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