Infections of the eye continue to cause serious ocular morbidity and loss of vision. It is, therefore, highly desirable to maintain a high level of awareness on new developments in the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases of the eye. Both classic infections and emerging infections pose serious threats to man. Many kinds of ocular infections may stay mysterious and sometimes are hard to diagnose. As medical scientists, we have the unique role to dispel the mystery of infections of the eye and replace speculations with certainty and fiction with fact.
This book is an attempt to provide an update on the topic of infections of the eye and adnexae and provide simplified information that would keep the ophthalmologist and the eye care practitioner abreast of the recent advances in antibiotics and in the management of infectious diseases of the eye and adnexae. Certain infections have been eradicated by mass vaccinations, and others have been controlled by public health measures, but the resilience of viruses and the tenacity of bacteria have led to the changes in the pattern of ocular infections and led to the evolution of old diseases and the emergence of newly discovered disorders.
In the past two decades, there have been a number of infectious diseases, and new pathogens have been discovered. Barry and Marshall received the Nobel Prize for medicine in 2005 for their discovery of Helicobacter pylori as a cause of peptic ulcer. Bartonella henselae has ibeen identified as the cause of Bacillary angiomatosis (cat scratch disease) or Bartonellosis. Herpes virus type 8 was discovered as a cause of Kaposi sarcoma in patients with AIDS. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 and 2 are now well known to cause AIDS. T-cell lymphoma is caused by human T lymphocyte virus type 1, and Lyme disease is, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi. In addition, Whipple disease became known to be caused by Trophyrema whippelii. Similarly, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Avian influenzae are diseases caused by Corona virus and H5 N1 virus, respectively and Ebola virus is emerging as a cause of Ebola fever. Infections can cause diseases by invasion of tissues and destruction of the architecture of visually important structures in the eye. Infections may lead to immune dysregulation and trigger immune-mediated inflammation of the eye.
Strifes and natural disasters come and go, but infections are going to be with us forever. Certain infections may cause blindness, and therefore, ophthalmologists should remain updated on these disorders.
This book is divided into 16 chapters, making it an easy reference to find a rapid source for the management of infections of the eye. The book is illustrated by figures showing different ocular pathologies and is loaded with tables summarizing the findings.
The book is clinically oriented with a focus on prospects of infections of the eye that are important to the clinicians, including the essentials for diagnosis, laboratory workup, and management. The treatment is a simple evidenced-based approach with detailed information on antibiotics use and dosages. The chapter on antimicrobial agents in ophthalmology summarizes the antibiotics that are available commercially for infections of the eye, as well as the compounded topical medications that are not available in the market. Antimicrobial agents are commonly used in ocular infections and are among the most commonly prescribed drugs in community-based physician offices and hospitals. The use of these antimicrobial agents are outlined in all the chapters of this book.
Despite our enormous effort and progress in the quest to conquer infections, there is significant threat from resistant microorganisms.
The information provided in this book is an update on ocular infections, placing in the hands of ophthalmologists and health practitioners a shortcut and an easy access to the management of ocular infectious diseases. Khalid F. Tabbara, MD, ABO, FRCOphth Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Baltimore, MD, USA; Ahmed M. Abu El-Asrar, MD, PhD Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Moncef Khairallah, MD Monastir, Tunisia

1 Molecular Diagnosis of Ocular Infections 1

Jolanda D.F. de Groot-Mijnes

2 Antimicrobial Agents in Ophthalmology 19

Khalid F. Tabbara

3 Infections of the Orbit 37

Moncef Khairallah and Sonia Attia

4 Infections of the Lacrimal System 45

Khalid F. Tabbara

5 Infections of the Eyelids 51

Moncef Khairallah and Rim Kahloun

6 Infectious Conjunctivitis 63

Khalid F. Tabbara

7 Infectious Keratitis 73

Khalid F. Tabbara and Charbel T. Boil Chacra

8 Viral Anterior Uveitis 95

Samir S. Shoughy and Khalid F. Tabbara

9 Infections of the Posterior Segment: Ocular Tuberculosis 103

Ahmed M. Abu El-Asrar, Marwan Abouammoh, and Hani S. Al-Mezaine

10 Infections of the Posterior Segment: Ocular Syphilis 119

Sonia Zaouali, Rim Kahloun, and Moncef Khairallah

11 Infections of the Posterior Segment: Other Bacterial Infections 125

Bechir Jelliti, Imen Khairallah-Ksiaa, and Riadh Messaoud

12 Infections of the Posterior Segment: Parasitic and Fungal Infections 135

Moncef Khairallah and Rim Kahloun

13 Infections of the Posterior Segment: Acute Retinal Necrosis 155

Hani S. Al-Mezaine, Marwan Abouammoh, and Ahmed M. Abu El-Asrar

14 Infections of the Posterior Segment: Cytomegalovirus Retinitis 161

Marwan A. Abouammoh, Hani S. Al-Mezaine, and Ahmed M. Abu El-Asrar

15 Emergent Ocular Infections 169

Moncef Khairallah, Salim Ben Yahia, and Sana Khochtali

16 Endophthalmitis 181

Hani S. Al-Mezaine and Ahmed M. Abu El-Asrar

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