Modern Western Medicine (MWM) and Ayurveda/Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) can be considered two extreme paradigms to complex systems. The microscopic and reductionist approach of the West prevails in acute and single-gene conditions such as infection and Mendelian disorders. The macroscopic and holistic approach of the East potentially fares well at chronic and complex conditions such as obesity and ageing.The book serves three purposes: 1) to help MWM, Ayurveda and TCM professionals get acquainted with one another; 2) to help identify common grounds for MWM, Ayurveda and TCM, rather than blindly westernizing eastern medicines or vice versa; and 3) to help translate the complementarity of MWM and Ayurveda/TCM toward an integrative multi-component healthcare.To this end, we introduce theories and tenets of the three medicines. We use bioenergetics to reconcile West and East as ATP generation, prana and qi are central to MWM, Ayurveda and TCM. We discuss clinical trials of varying experimental rigors for the assessment of the scientific evidence for treatment effectiveness. We present complementary interventions for chronic disorders and ageing. We hold that a federal unity of therapies consisting of MWM, Ayurveda and TCM better serves the wellbeing of humankind.

Preface xvii

Part I: Basics 1

Chapter 1 Evidence-Based Practice 3

1.1 The FDA Drug Approval Process 4

1.2 Randomized Controlled Trial 5

1.3 Level of Evidence 7

1.4 Cochrane Review 9

1.5 Drug Development 12

1.6 Translational Medicine 13

Chapter 2 Modern Western Biomedicine 17

2.1 ATP Hydrolysis 17

2.2 Oxidative Phosphorylation, the Electron Transport Chain, the Krebs Cycle 18

2.3 Glycolysis, Aerobic Respiration, the Warburg Effect 20

2.4 Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress, Redox Signaling 21

2.5 Cell Metabolism 22

2.6 The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology, the Genome 24

2.7 Eukaryotic Cell Division Cycle 25

2.8 Meiosis, Mendelian Inheritance, Genetic Disord er 27

2.9 Chroma tin Modifica tion, Complex Disorder 30

2.10 Immunity, Hematopoiesis 33

Chapter 3 Traditional Orien tal Ethnomedicine 37

3.1 Ayurveda 38

3.2 Asana, Pranayama, Dhyana 41

3.3 Traditional Chinese Medicine 44

3.4 Acupw1cture 49

Chapter 4 Integrative Medicine 51

4.1 Bioenergetics, Tridosha , Chronic Disorder 52

4.2 Complex Adaptive System, Yogic Cognitive-Behavioral Practice, Psychological Stress Management 54

4.3 Placebo Effect, Acupw1eture Analgesia, Chronic Pain 57

4.4 Periodontitis: An Example of Holistic Therapy 60

4.5 Practical Clinical Trial for the Effectiveness of Integrative Therapy 63

Part II Herbal Medicine 67

Chapter 5 Safety and Regula tion of Herbal Products 69

5.1 Plant Secondary Metabolites 70

5.2 Pharmacod ynarnic and Pharmacokinetic

Herb-Drug Interactions 71

5.3 Regulation of TCM and Other Natural Herbal Products in China 73

5.4 Kampa Medicine in Japan 74

5.5 Regulation of TCM Medicine in Taiwan 74

5.6 Regulation of Na tural Health Products in Canada 75

5.7 Botanical Products as Dietary Supplements in the United States 75

5.8 Regula tion of Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products in the European Union 76

Chapter 6 Cancer 79

6.1 Six Core and Two Emerging Hallmarks of Cancer 80

6.2 Mechanisms of Hallmark Acquisition: Genomic and Epigenomic Instability, Inflamma tion; Microenvironment 84

6.3 Frontiers of Conventional Treatment: Drug Cocktail Cotargeting Multiple Hallmarks; Personalized Targeted Therapy 86

6.4 TCM Carbuncle-Treating, TCM Mediating Formulas; TCM Cold Herbs Against Neoplasms 88

6.5 Uterine Leiomyoma: Cui Zhi Fu Ling Wan and Yi Mu Cao 93

6.6 Benign Nonfibroid Neoplasm of the Uterus: Cui Zhi Fu Ling Wan and E Shu 95

6.7 Benign Neoplasm of the Ovary: Cui Zhi Fu Ling Wan and Yi Mu Cao 97

6.8 Benign Neoplasm of the Thyroid Gland: San Zhong Kui Jian Tang and Xia Ku Cao 99

6.9 Benign Neoplasm of the Breast: Jia Wei Xiao Yao San and Pu Gong Ying 101

6.10 Lipoma: San Zhong Kui Jian Tang and Bai Jie Zi 103

6.11 Benign Neoplasm of Male Genital Organs: Ji Sheng Shen Qi Wan and Che Qian Zi 105

6.12 Benign Neoplasm of the Lower GI Tract Digestive System: Ban Xia Xie Xin Tang and Yan Hu Suo 107

6.13 Carcinoma in Situ of the Breast and Genitourinary System: Ji Sheng Shen Qi Wnn and Pu Gong Ying 109

6.14 Benign Neoplasm of the Brain and Other Parts of the Nervous System: Zhen Ren Hua M ing Yin and Bei M u 111

6.15 Malignant Neoplasm of the Female Breast: Jia Wei X iao Yao San and Pu Gong Ying 113

6.16 Malignant Neopla sm of the Liver and Intrahepatic Bile Ducts: Jia Wei Xiao Yno San and Bai Hua She She Cao 115

6.17 Malignant Neoplasm of the Nasopharynx: Gnn Lu Yin and Xuan Shen 117

6.18 Malignant Neoplasm of the Colon: Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang and Ban Zhi Lian 119

6.19 Malignant Neopla sm of the Rectum and Anus: Xiang Sha Liu Jun Zi Tang and Bai Hua She She Cao 121

6.20 Malignant Neoplasm of the Trachea, Bronchus and Lw1g: Bai He Gu Jin Tang and Ban Zhi Lian 123

6.21 Malignant Neoplasm of the Cervix Uteri: Jia Wei Xiao Yao San and Bai Hua She She Cno 125

6.22 Malignant Neoplasm of the Stomach: Ban Xia Xie Xin Tang and Ban Zhi Lian 127

6.23 Malignant Neoplasm of the Prostate: Ji Sheng Shen Qi Wan and Huang Bai 129

6.24 Malignant Neoplasm of the Ovary and Other Uterine Adnexa: Gui Zhi Fu Ling Wan and Ban Zhi Lian 131

6.25 Malignant Neoplasm of the Bladder: Ji Sheng Shen Qi Wan and Ban Zhi Lian 133

6.26 Malignant Neoplasm of the Thyroid xi "Gland: Jia Wei Xiao Yao San and Xuan Shen" 135

6.27 Secondary Malignant Neoplasm of the Respiratory and Digestive Systems: Chai Xian Tang and M ai Men Dong 137

6.28 Malignant Neoplasm of the Mouth : Gan Lu Yin and Ban Zhi Lian 139

6.29 Malignant Neoplasm of the Tongue: Gan Lu Yin and Dan Can 141

6.30 Malignant Neoplasm of the Brain: Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang and Tian Ma 143

6.31 Malignant Neoplasm of Lymphoid and Histiocytic Tissue: San Zhong Kui Jian Tang and Pu Gong Ying 145

6.32 "Malignant Neoplasm of the Kidney: Zhu Ling Tang and Ban Zhi Lian" 147

6.33 "Malignant Neoplasm of the Esophagus: Bu Zhong Yi Qi Tang and Ban Zhi Lian" 149

6.34 Malignant Neoplasm of Other, Ill-Defined Sites: Yang Yin Qing Fei Tang and Dan Can 151

Chapter 7 Common Fatal Diseases 153

7.1 Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, Cerebrocardiorenal Vascular Disease 154

7.2 Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome 155

7.3 Oligemic/ Hypoxic Insults, Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown, Cerebrodegenerative Disease 157

7.4 Tobacco Smoke, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Tubercu losis 158

7.5 Steatosis, Alcohol, Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis 159

7.6 Pathophysiology-Specific TCM FormuJas and Herbs for the Conunon Fatal Diseases 160

7.7 Ischemic Heart Disease: Xue Fu Zhu Yu Tang and Dan Can 164

7.8 Cerebrovascular Disease: Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang and Dan Can 166

7.9 Alzheimer's and Other Dementias: Tinn Wang 811 Xin Dan and Yuan Zhi 168

7.10 Hypertensive Heart and Renal Disease: Tian M a Gou Teng Yin and Dan Can 170

7.11 Hypertensive Heart Disease: Tian M a Gou Teng Yin and Dan Can 172

7.12 Essential Hypertension: Tian Mn Gou Teng Yin and Dan Can 174

7.13 Atherosclerosis: Jin Wei X iao Yao San and Dan Can 176

7.14 Diabetes Mellitus: Liu Wei Di Hua ng Wan and Tian Hua Fen 178

7.15 Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndrome and Nephrosis: Ji Sheng Shen Qi Wan and Che Qian Zi 180

7.16 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Ma Xing Gan Shi Tang and Bei Mu 182

7.17 Acute Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis: Ma Xing Gan Shi Tang and Xing Ren 184

7.18 Tuberculosis: Bai He Gu Jin Tang and Yu X ing Cao 186

7.19 Pneumonia: Yin Qiao San and Yu Xing Cao 188

7.20 Chronic Liver Disease and Cirrhosis: Jia Wei Xiao Yao Sall and Yin Chen Hao 190

7.21 Obesity and Other Hyperalimenta tion: Fang Feng Tong Sheng San and Shan Zha 192

7.22 Dia rrhea: H ua X iang Zheng Qi San and Ge Gen 194

Chapter 8 Common Nonfa tal Diseases 197

8.1 Common Cold, Cough, Allergic/Chronic Rhinitis 198

8.2 Sleep Disturbance, Headache, Palpita tions, Dizziness 199

8.3 Arthralgia, Cervicalgia, Backache, Lumbago, Myalgia, Fibromyalgia, Neura lgia 200

8.4 Constipation, Dyspepsia, Bloating, Acute Gastritis 201

8.5 Chronic Hepatitis, Contact Derma titis 202

8.6 Pharmacokinetics of TCM Prescription by Rela tive Weighting of the Ingredients 203

8.7 The Common Cold: Yin Qiao San and Jie Geng 207

8.8 Cough : M a Xing Gan Shi Tang and Jie Geng 209

8.9 Allergic Rhinitis: Xin Yi Qing Fei Tang and Chan Tui 211

8.10 Chronic Rhinitis: Xin Yi Qing Fei Tang and Yu Xing Cao 213

8.11 Joint Pain: Shu Jing H uo X ue Tang and Yan Hu Suo 215

8.12 Lumbago: Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang and Du Zhong 217

8.13 Myalgia and Myositis, Fibromyositis: Shu Jing Huo Xu e Tang and Yan Hu Suo 219

8.14 Neuralgia , Neuritis and Radiculitis: Shu Jing Huo X ue Tang and Yan Hu Suo 221

8.15 Backache: Shu Jing Huo X ue Tang and Yan Hu Suo 223

8.16 Cervicalgia: Ge Gen Tang and Ge Gen 225

8.17 Sleep Disturbance: S uan Zao Ren Tang and Ye Jiao Teng 227

8.18 Constipation: M a Zi Ren Wan and Da Huang 229

8.19 Contact Dermatitis: Xiao Feng San and Lian Qiao 231

8.20 Chronic Hepatitis: fia Wei Xiao Yao San and Yin Chen Hao 233

8.21 Headache: Chunn Xiong Cha Diao San and Ge Gen 235

8.22 Palpitations: Zhi Gan Cao Tang and Dan Can 237

8.23 Dizziness/ Vertigo: Ling Gui Zhu Gan Tang and Dan Can 239

8.24 Functional Dyspepsia: Ban Xia Xie Xin Tang and Hai Piao Shao 241

8.25 Gas/Bloa ting: Ban Xia Xie X in Tang and Hai Piao Shao 243

8.26 Acute Gastritis: Ban Xia Xie Xin Tang and Hai Piao Shao 245

Chapter 9 Condition of the Reproductive System 247

9.1 Menstrua tion, Premenstrua l Syndrome, Menopause, Osteoporosis 248

9.2 Male/ Female Infertility, Male Organic/ Psychogenic Impotence 251

9.3 TCM Gynecologic and TCM Tonifying Formulas for Menstrual Disorders and Male Impotence 252

9.4 Dysmenorrh ea: Dang Gui Shao Yao San and Yan Hu Suo 255

9.5 Premenstrual Tension Syndrome: Jia Wei Xiao Yao San and Yi Mu Cao 257

9.6 Absence of Menstruation: Jia Wei Xiao Yao San and Yi Mu Cao 259

9.7 Scanty or Infrequent Menstruation: Jia Wei X iao Yao San and Yi Mu Cao 261

9.8 Excessive or Frequen t Menstruation : Xiong Gui Jiao Ai Tang and Xian He Cao 263

9.9 Irregular Menstruation : Jia Wei Xiao Yao San and Yi Mu Cao 265

9.10 Other/Unspecified Disorders of Menstrua tion: Jia Wei Xiao Yao San and Yi Mu Cao 267

9.11 Menopausal State: Jia Wei Xiao Yao San and Suan Zao Ren 269

9.12 Unspecified (Post)Menopausal Disorder: Jia Wei Xiao Yao San and Suan Zao Ren 271

9.13 Leukorrhea: Wan Dai Tang and Tu Fu Ling 273

9.14 Osteoporosis: Du Ruo Ji Sheng Tang and Du Zhong 275

9.15 Female Infertility (Unspecified Origin): Shen Ling Bai Zhu San and Tu Si Zi 277

9.16 Male Infertility (Unspecified Origin): Ruan Shao Dan and Yin Yang Ruo 279

9.17 Impotence (Organic): Ruan Shao Dan and Yin Yang Huo 281

9.18 Impotence (Psychosexual Dysfunction): Ruan Shao Dan and Yin Yang Huo 283

Part III Longevity 285

Chapter 10 Theories of Aging 287

10.1 Oxidative Stress Theory of Aging 288

10.2 Telomere and Mitochondrial Theories of Aging 289

10.3 Irrunw1osenescence Theory of Aging 291

10.4 Endocrine Theory of Aging 293

10.5 Ayurvedic Theory of Aging 295

10.6 TCM Theories of Agi.ng 297

Chapter 11 Regenera tive Medicine 301

11.1 Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Homeostasis 302

11.2 DeITransdifferen tia tion, Reprogramming, In Vivo and In Vitro Regenerative Therapy 303

11.3 Hema topoietic Stem Cells, Multipotent Stromal Cells, Bone Marrow 305

11.4 Irreversible and Reversible Factors in Adult Stem Cell Aging 307

11.5 Stem Cell Niche, Mechanotransduction , Axial-Skeletal Flexing Yoga Asanas, Acupressure 309

11.6 Seasonal Tonifyi11g Herbal Regimens, Personalized Preventive Medicine, Adult Stem Cell Rejuvena tion 313

Chapter 12 Longevity 315

12.1 Modera te Physical Activity, Anti-Inflamma tion, Neural Plasticity 316

12.2 Calorie Restriction, Alternate-Day Fasting, Mitochondrial Hormesis 318

12.3 Circadian Rhythms, Sleep-Wake Cycle, Energy Homeostasis 321

12.4 Mindfulness Medita tion: A Mental Workout for Reduction of Perceived Stress 324

12.5 Tai Chi: A Combina tion of Aerobic Exercise, Resistance Training and Mindfulness Meditation 326

12.6 The Mediterranean Diet, Herbs and Spices, Organic Foods 329

12.7 Self-Assembly Principle, TCM Fire-Purging Diet, Personalized Anti-lnfla mmatory Regimens 332

12.8 Social Integra tion, Brain Aging Reversal, Longevity 335

Bibliography 339

Index 347

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