Power Electronics for Renewable Energy, Transportation, and Industrial Applications combines state-of-the-art global expertise to present the latest research on power electronics and its application in transportation, renewable energy, and different industrial applications. This timely book aims to facilitate the implementation of cutting-edge techniques to design problems offering innovative solutions to the growing power demands in small- and large-size industries. Application areas in the book range from smart homes and electric and plug-in hybrid electrical vehicles (PHEVs), to smart distribution and intelligence operation centers where significant energy efficiency improvements can be achieved through the appropriate use and design of power electronics and energy storage devices.
Key features: •
Discusses wide range of power electronics converters and control techniques to reduce energy waste and improve grid power quality. •
Brings together power electronics technologies such as renewable energy conversion, electric transportation, and electric drives, which are prevalent in industry and at education and research stages. •
Defines existing challenges, concerns, and selected problems complying with international trends, standards, and programs for electric power conversion, distribution, and sustainable energy development. •
An imperative and far reaching learning resource for power electronics engineers, researchers, and students.

It is our pleasure to present this book on up-to-date power electronics technologies and advancements in their use in renewable energy, transportation systems, and various industrial applications.
We have written this book in response to the current lack of relevant research available to researchers, professionals, and students. It is our hope that we successfully convey our passion for this field in a manner that is easy to follow textually and visually. We have chosen to write this as a joint initiative because of the expertise needed in an all-encompassing research on power electronic systems.
In this book we cover a wide range of power electronic components, renewable energy systems, smart grids, distributed generations, transportation systems, and other industrial areas. This work fills a gap in engineering literature and contributes to a better understanding and further application of power elec-tronic systems. Power electronic components and applications are among the fastest growing engineering areas today and are key in responding to our current environmental constraints and energy demands. This book integrates material in order to answer current problems and offer solutions for the growing commercial and domestic power demands.
The book discusses several aspects of current research, and the participation of the world's top scientists solidifies the book's credibility, including IEEE life fellows Prof. Bimal K. Bose and Prof. Joachim Holtz. Other scientists who participated in the writing of this book include Professors Frede Blaabjerg, Leopoldo G. Franquelo, Carlo Cecati, Hamid A. Toliyat, Bin Wu, Fang Zheng Peng, Ralf M. Kennel, and Jose Rodriguez.
The book is divided into three main parts: (1) The Impact of Power Electronics for Emerging Technolo-gies (Chapters 1-5), (2) Power Electronics for Distributed Power Generation Systems (Chapters 6-11), and (3) Power Electronics for Transportations and Industrial Applications (Chapters 12-24).
Chapter 1 offers a brief but comprehensive review of the world's energy resources and climate change problems because of fossil fuel burning, along with possible solutions or mitigation methods. The author concludes with a discussion of the impact of power electronics that have on energy conservation, renew-able energy systems, bulk storage of energy, and electric/hybrid vehicles in the present century.
Chapter 2 focuses on the contribution of power electronics to achieve efficient energy transmission and distribution, enable a high penetration of renewables in the power system, and develop more electrical transportation systems. This chapter also addresses flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices: high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems: power electronics converters for wind, pho-to voltaic (PV), and ocean sources: power conversion for electric vehicles: and energy storage systems.
Chapter 3 gives an overview of the main technologies, features, and problems of distributed generation and smart grids. This chapter gives a short but comprehensive overview of these emerging topics.
Chapter 4 presents recent advances in power semiconductors technology, focusing specifically on wide bandgap transistors. The authors offer a short introduction to state-of-the-art silicon power devices and the characteristics of the various SiC power switches. Design considerations of gate-and base-drive circuits for various SiC power switches, along with experimental results of their switching performance, a represented in details alongside a discussion of their applications.
In Chapter 5, the authors categorize AC-link universal power converters within a new class of power converters, and demonstrate how they can interface multiple loads and sources while remaining a single-stage converter.
Chapter 6 expands on technological developments and market trends in wind power application. The authors review a variety of wind turbine concepts, as well as power converter solutions, and offer an explanation of control methods, grid demands, and emerging reliability challenges.
Chapter 7 presents a comprehensive overview of grid-connected PV systems, including power curves, grid-connected configurations, different converter topologies (both single and three phases), control schemes, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), and anti-is landing detection methods. The chapter focuses on the mainstream solutions available in the PV industry, in order to establish the current state of the art in PV converter technology. In addition, the authors offer a discussion of recently introduced con-cepts on multilevel converter-based PV systems for large-scale PV plants, along with trends, challenges, and possible future scenarios of PV converter technology.
In Chapter 8, the authors demonstrate that the components of renewable energy systems, including interfacing filters, are first selected to ensure steady optimum performance operation, after which con-trollers are designed and implemented to ensure stability, high dynamic performance, and robustness to disturbance and parameter variations. The controllability analysis of an interior permanent magnet (IPM) wind turbine generator connected to the grid through a filter interface is analyzed, and the stability of the nonlinear system and the study of the zero dynamics provide insights into potential constraints on controller structure and dynamics.
Chapter 9 points out that the role of the power converter's control is fundamental and involves a number of issues: power flow control, synchronization with the main grid, reactive power capability, voltage regulation at the point of common coupling and power quality constraints. In addressing these matters, the authors focus on PV and small wind turbine systems, as well as the management of the transition among grid connection, stand-alone operation, and synchronization.
Chapter 10 describes the main properties and control methods of the doubly fed induction machine, which are related to both grid-connected and stand-alone operation modes. The chapter presents the prop-erties of a wind turbine equipped with a doubly fed induction machine, and offers a short description of wind turbine aerodynamics, wind turbine superior control, and steady-state performance of wind turbine.
Chapter 11 is devoted to various topologies of AC-DC-AC converters and their design. It offers an in-depth discussion of classical three-phase/three-phase transistor-based AC-DC-AC convert-ers (two-level and three-level diode-clamped converters (DCCs)and flying capacitors converters (FCC)) and simplified AC-DC-AC converters (two-level and three-level three-phase/one-phase and three-phase/three-phase DCC).
Chapter 12 describes how More Electric Aircraft (ME A) technology is continually evolving and being widely recognized as the future technology for the aerospace industry. This chapter provides a brief description of the electrical power generation, conversion, and distribution in conventional aircrafts and in more electric aircrafts, such as Airbus 380 and Boeing 787. The author also discusses more electric architectures, power distribution strategies, more electric engine concepts, and the effect of high-voltage operation at high altitudes.
Chapter 13 presents the structure and basic design aspects of electric vehicles (EVs)and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHE Vs), as well as future trends in EV manufacturing. The authors also discuss the integration of EVs with green, renewable energy sources and introduce the design of such systems.
Chapter 14 is dedicated to explaining multilevel converters/inverters and describing their pros and cons regarding their most suitable applications. The chapter present show multilevel inverters are applied to static var generation (SVG), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), and FACTS devices. The authors further explore magnetic-less multilevel DC-DC converters and analyze the multilevel convert-ers'fault tolerance and reliability.
Chapter 15 elaborates on the theoretical and analytical aspects of multi-phase matrix converters, encompassing existing and emerging topologies and control. The authors also discuss various control algorithms for efficient operation.
Chapter 16 presents a detailed analysis of three boost-type pre regulators commonly used for power factor correction in single-phase rectifiers: the single-switch basic boost, the two-switch asymmetric half-bridge boost, and the interleaved dual-boost topology. The authors also illustrate the mathematical modeling approach, applying it to the first two topologies. In so doing, the authors are able to demonstrate the effectiveness of these converters associated with the irrespective control systems.
Chapter 17 looks at how power electronics applications have penetrated multiple areas of modern life, thereby increasing nonlinear loads in comparison with linear loads. Simultaneously, power electronics-based loads are sensitive to harmonic distortion, which leads to a discussion of active power filters that can be employed to cancel or mitigate harmonics and their effects.
In Chapter 18A, the discussion provided proves that the so-called virtual machine (VM)is a hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) system allowing an inverter to be tested at real power levels without the need for installing and operating real machines as the VM has the same characteristics as a real induction motor or even asynchronous motor. Different machines and the irrespective load conditions can be emulated by software, meaning that the drive inverter under test can operate in its normal mode.
Chapter 18B also relates to the HiL systems, with a thorough presentation of the modular multilevel converter (MMC). The authors explain the limitations of standard simulation methods and propose more suitable control techniques. Issues raised by the converter topology are discussed with regard to the choice of hardware to achieve real-time simulation, and examples of implementation for real-time application using OPAL-RT real-time simulator are given for the different techniques previously discussed.
Chapter 19 describes the use of model predictive control (MPC)for speed control in electrical machines. The authors also show how the MPC is a conceptually different control technique that offers a high flexibility to control different power electronics topologies and manages several control objectives, without adding significant complexity to the system.
Chapter 20 presents two approaches used to control electric machines supplied by the current source inverter. The first approach is based on the current control and the second approach contains the voltage control with multi scalar model approach. The topologies are analyzed for controlling a supply squirrel-cage induction motor, doubly fed machine, and permanent magnet synchronous machine.
In Chapter 21, the author shows how the high dv/dt and the common-mode voltage generated by the inverter pulse-width modulation(PWM)control result in the appearances of bearing currents, shaft volt-ages, motor terminal overvoltages, the decrease in motor efficiency, and electromagnetic interference. A common-mode motor equivalent circuit is analyzed, with an emphasis on the bearing currents and various aspects of currents' limitation. The author dedicates much of the chapter to analyzing the active methods on the limitation of common-mode currents based on PWM modifications.
In Chapter 22, the impacts of megawatt variable frequency drives (VFDs)for liquefied natural gas (LNG) plants are discussed. This chapter presents few examples of actual high-power VFDs that can realize upto100MW systems using four sets of 25 MW neutral-point-clamped (NPC)-based multilevel voltage source inverters (VSIs). The chapter starts with an overview of LNG plants, outlines conven-tional gas turbine (GT), drives techno-economic and environmental implications, and introduces various electric drive technologies used for LNG plants, highlighting their limitations, technological problems, and their impact on future LNG plants.
Chapter 23 is devoted to the modulation and control of single-phase, active front-end converters. The first part of the chapter presents a literature review and analysis of PWM techniques with unipolar switch-ing for three main multilevel converter topologies. The second part of the chapter is devoted to current control of single-phase voltage source converters.
The final chapter offers a comprehensive and systematic reference for the current and future devel-opment of the high-performance Z-source inverter (ZSI)/quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI), and provides a detailed explanation of the impedance parameter design. It looks at ZSI/qZSI, otherwise known as an impedance source inverter. This inverter has attracted increasing interest because of a single-stage power conversion with a step-up/step-down function, handing the DC voltage variations in a wide range without over rating the inverter and allowing switches on the same bridge leg to simultaneously turn on. The authors present the operation principle and control methods of conventional ZSI/qZSI, and offer a discussion of the advantages of novel extended topologies, such as qZSI with battery and qZSI-based cascade multilevel systems.
Haitham Abu-Rub

Foreword xix

Preface xxi

Acknowledgements xxv

List of Contributors xxvii

1 Energy, Global Warming and Impact of Power Electronics in the Present Century 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Energy 2

1.3 Environmental Pollution: Global Warming Problem 3

      1.3.1 Global Warming Effects 6

      1.3.2 Mitigation of Global Warming Problems 8

1.4 Impact of Power Electronics on Energy Systems 8

      1.4.1 Energy Conservation 8

      1.4.2 Renewable Energy Systems 9

      1.4.3 Bulk Energy Storage 16

1.5 Smart Grid 20

1.6 Electric/Hybrid Electric Vehicles 21

      1.6.1 Comparison of Battery EV with FuelCell EV 22

1.7 Conclusion and Future Prognosis 23

References 25

2 Challenges of the Current Energy Scenario: The Power Electronics Contribution 27

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Energy Transmission and Distribution Systems 28

      2.2.1 FACTS 28

      2.2.2 HVDC 32

2.3 Renewable Energy Systems 34

      2.3.1 Wind Energy 35

      2.3.2 Photovoltaic Energy 37

      2.3.3 Ocean Energy 40

2.4 Transportation Systems 41

2.5 Energy Storage Systems 42

      2.5.1 Technologies 42

      2.5.2 Application to Transmission and Distribution Systems 46

      2.5.3 Application to Renewable Energy Systems 46

      2.5.4 Application to Transportation Systems 47

2.6 Conclusions 47

References 47

3 An Overview on Distributed Generation and Smart Grid Concepts and Technologies 50

3.1 Introduction 50

3.2 Requirements of Distributed Generation Systems and Smart Grids 51

3.3 Photovoltaic Generators 52

3.4 Wind and Mini-hydro Generators 55

3.5 Energy Storage Systems 56

3.6 Electric Vehicles 57

3.7 Microgrids 57

3.8 Smart Grid Issues 59

3.9 Active Management of Distribution Networks 60

3.10 Communication Systems in Smart Grids 61

3.11 Advanced Metering Infrastructure and Real-Time Pricing 62

3.12 Standards for Smart Grids 63

References 65

4 Recent Advances in Power Semiconductor Technology 69

4.1 Introduction 69

4.2 Silicon Power Transistors 70

      4.2.1 Power MOSFETs 71

      4.2.2 IGBTs 72

      4.2.3 High-Power Devices 75

4.3 Overview of SiC Transistor Designs 75

      4.3.1 SiC JFET 76

      4.3.2 Bipolar Transistor in SiC 77

      4.3.3 SiC MOSFET 78

      4.3.4 SiC IGBT 79

      4.3.5 SiC Power Modules 79

4.4 Gate and Base Drivers for SiC Devices 80

      4.4.1 Gate Drivers for Normally-on JFETs 80

      4.4.2 BaseD rivers for SiCB JTs 84

      4.4.3 Gate Drivers for Normally-off JFETs 87

      4.4.4 Gate Drivers for SiC MOSFETs 88

4.5 Parallel Connection of Transistors 89

4.6 Overview of Applications 97

      4.6.1 Photovoltaics 98

      4.6.2 AC Drives 99

      4.6.3 Hybrid and Plug-in Electric Vehicles 99

      4.6.4 High-Power Applications 99

4.7 Gallium Nitride Transistors 100

4.8 Summary 102

References 102

5 AC-Link Universal Power Converters: A New Class of Power Converters for Renewable Energy and Transportation 107

5.1 Introduction 107

5.2 Hard Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 108

5.3 Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 112

5.4 Principle of Operation of the Soft Switching ac-Link Universal Power Converter 113

5.5 Design Procedure 122

5.6 Analysis 123

5.7 Applications 126

      5.7.1 Ac-ac Conversion(WindPower Generation, Variable frequency Drive) 126

      5.7.2 Dc-ac and ac-dc Power Conversion 128

      5.7.3 Multiport Conversion 130

5.8 Summary 133

Acknowledgment 133

References 133

6 High Power Electronics: Key Technology forWind Turbines 136

6.1 Introduction 136

6.2 Development of Wind Power Generation 137

6.3 Wind Power Conversion 138

      6.3.1 Basic Control Variables for WindTurbines 139

      6.3.2 WindTurbine Concepts 140

6.4 Power Converters for Wind Turbines 143

      6.4.1 Two-Level Power Converter 144

      6.4.2 Multilevel Power Converter 145

      6.4.3 Multicell Converter 147

6.5 Power Semiconductors for Wind Power Converter 149

6.6 Controls and Grid Requirements for Modern Wind Turbines 150

      6.6.1 Active Power Control 151

      6.6.2 Reactive Power Control 152

      6.6.3 Total Harmonic Distortion 152

      6.6.4 Fault Ride-Through Capability 153

6.7 Emerging Reliability Issues for Wind Power System 155

6.8 Conclusion 156

References 156

7 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion Systems 160

7.1 Introduction 160

7.2 Power Curves and Maximum Power Point of PV Systems 162

      7.2.1 Electrical Model of aPV Cell 162

      7.2.2 Photovoltaic Module I-V and P-V Curves 163

      7.2.3 MPP under Partial Shading 164

7.3 Grid-Connected PV System Configurations 165

      7.3.1 Centralized Configuration 167

      7.3.2 String Configuration 171

      7.3.3 Multi-string Configuration 177

      7.3.4 AC-Module Configuration 178

7.4 Control of Grid-Connected PV Systems 181

      7.4.1 Maximum PowerPoint Tracking Control Methods 181

      7.4.2 DC-DC Stage Converter Control 185

      7.4.3 Grid-Tied Converter Control 186

      7.4.4 Anti-is landing Detection 189

7.5 Recent Developments in Multilevel Inverter-Based PV Systems 192

7.6 Summary 195

References 195

8 Controllability Analysis of Renewable Energy Systems 199

8.1 Introduction 199

8.2 Zero Dynamics of the Nonlinear System 201

      8.2.1 First Method 201

      8.2.2 Second Method 202

8.3 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through L Filter to the Grid 202

      8.3.1 Steady State and Stable Operation Region 203

      8.3.2 Zero Dynamic Analysis 207

8.4 Controllability of Wind Turbine Connected through LCL Filter to the Grid 208

      8.4.1 Steady State and Stable Operation Region 208

      8.4.2 Zero Dynamic Analysis 213

8.5 Controllability and Stability Analysis of PV System Connected to Current Source Inverter 219

      8.5.1 Steady State and Stability Analysis of the System 220

      8.5.2 Zero Dynamics Analysis of PV 221

8.6 Conclusions 228

References 229

9 Universal Operation of Small/Medium-Sized Renewable Energy Systems 231

9.1 Distributed Power Generation Systems 231

      9.1.1 Single-Stage Photovoltaic Systems 232

      9.1.2 Small/Medium-Sized WindTurbine Systems 233

      9.1.3 Overview of the Control Structure 234

9.2 Control of Power Converters for Grid-Interactive Distributed Power Generation Systems 243

      9.2.1 Droop Control 244

      9.2.2 Power Control in Micro grids 247

      9.2.3 Control Design Parameters 252

      9.2.4 Harmonic Compensation 256

9.3 Ancillary Feature 259

      9.3.1 Voltage Support at Local Loads Level 259

      9.3.2 Reactive Power Capability 263

      9.3.3 Voltage Support at Electric Power System Area 265

9.4 Summary 267

References 268

10 Properties and Control of a Doubly Fed Induction Machine 270

10.1 Introduction. Basic principles of DFIM 270

      10.1.1 Structure of the Machine and Electric Configuration 270

      10.1.2 Steady-State Equivalent Circuit 271

      10.1.3 Dynamic Modeling 277

10.2 Vector Control of DFIM Using an AC/DC/AC Converter 280

      10.2.1 Grid Connection Operation 280

      10.2.2 Rotor Position Observers 292

      10.2.3 Stand-alone Operation 296

10.3 DFIM-Based Wind Energy Conversion Systems 305

      10.3.1 WindTurbine Aerodynamic 305

      10.3.2 Turbine Control Zones 307

      10.3.3 Turbine Control 308

      10.3.4 Typical Dimensioning of DFI M-Based WindTurbines 310

      10.3.5 Steady-State Performance of the WindTurbine Based on DFIM 311

      10.3.6 Analysis of DFI M-Based WindTurbines during Voltage Dips 313

References 317

11 AC–DC–AC Converters for Distributed Power Generation Systems 319

11.1 Introduction 319

      11.1.1 Bidirectional AC-DC-AC Topologies 319

      11.1.2 Passive Components Design for an AC-DC-AC Converter 322

      11.1.3 DC-Link Capacitor Rating 322

      11.1.4 Flying Capacitor Rating 325

      11.1.5 Land LCL Filter Rating 325

      11.1.6 Comparison 327

11.2 Pulse-Width Modulation for AC–DC–AC Topologies 328

      11.2.1 Space Vector Modulation for Classical Three-Phase Two-Level Converter 328

      11.2.2 Space Vector Modulation for Classical Three-Phase Three-Level Converter 331

11.3 DC-Link Capacitors Voltage Balancing in Diode-Clamped Converter 334

      11.3.2 Pulse-Width Modulation for Simplified AC-DC-AC Topologies 337

      11.3.3 Compensation of Semiconductor Voltage Drop and Dead-Time Effect 342

11.4 Control Algorithms for AC–DC–AC Converters 345

      11.4.1 Field-Oriented Control of an AC-DC Machine-Side Converter 346

      11.4.2 Stator Current Controller Design 348

      11.4.3 Direct Torque Control with Space Vector Modulation 349

      11.4.4 Machine Stator Flux Controller Design 350

      11.4.5 Machine Electromagnetic Torque Controller Design 351

      11.4.6 Machine Angular Speed Controller Design 351

      11.4.7 Voltage-Oriented Control of an AC-DC Grid-Side Converter 352

      11.4.8 Line Current Controllers of an AC-DC Grid-Side Converter 352

      11.4.9 Direct Power Control with Space Vector Modulation of an AC-DC Grid-Side Converter 354

      11.4.10 Line Power Controllers of an AC-DC Grid-Side Converter 355

      11.4.11 DC-Link Voltage Controller for an AC-DC Converter 356

11.5 AC–DC–AC Converter with Active Power FeedForward 356

      11.5.1 Analysis of the Power Response Time Constant of an AC-DC-AC Converter 358

      11.5.2 Energy of the DC-Link Capacitor 358

11.6 Summary and Conclusions 361

References 362

12 Power Electronics for More Electric Aircraft 365

12.1 Introduction 365

12.2 More Electric Aircraft 367

      12.2.1 Airbus 380 Electrical System 369

      12.2.2 Boeing 787 Electrical Power System 370

12.3 More Electric Engine (MEE) 372

      12.3.1 Power Optimized Aircraft (POA) 372

12.4 Electric Power Generation Strategies 374

12.5 Power Electronics and Power Conversion 378

12.6 Power Distribution 381

      12.6.1 High-voltage operation 383

12.7 Conclusions 384

References 385

13 Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 387

13.1 Introduction 387

13.2 Electric, Hybrid Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Topologies 388

      13.2.1 Electric Vehicles 388

      13.2.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles 389

      13.2.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles(PHE Vs) 391

13.3 EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructures 392

      13.3.1 EV/PHE V Batteries and Charging Regines 392

13.4 Power Electronics for EV and PHEV Charging Infrastructure 404

      13.4.1 Charging Hardware 405

      13.4.2 Grid-Tied Infrastructure 406

13.5 Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) and Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) Concepts 407

      13.5.1 Grid Upgrade 408

13.6 Power Electronics for PEV Charging 410

      13.6.1 Safety Considerations 410

      13.6.2 Grid-Tied Residential Systems 411

      13.6.3 Grid-Tied Public Systems 412

      13.6.4 Grid-Tied Systems with Local Renewable Energy Production 416

References 419

14 Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topologies and Applications 422

14.1 Introduction 422

14.2 Fundamentals of Multilevel Converters/Inverters 423

      14.2.1 What Is a Multilevel Converter/Inverter? 423

      14.2.2 Three Typical Topologies to Achieve Multilevel Voltage 424

      14.2.3 Generalized Multilevel Converter/Inverter Topology and Its Derivations to Other Topologies 425

14.3 Cascaded Multilevel Inverters and Their Applications 432

      14.3.1 Merits of Cascaded Multilevel Inverters Applied to Utility Level 432

      14.3.2 Y-Connected Cascaded Multilevel Inverter and Its Applications 433

      14.3.3 △-Connected Cascaded Multilevel Inverter and Its Applications 438

      14.3.4 Face-to-Face-Connected Cascaded Multilevel Inverter for Unified Power Flow Control 441

14.4 Emerging Applications and Discussions 444

      14.4.1 Magnetic-less DC/DC Conversion 444

      14.4.2 Multilevel Modular Capacitor Clamped DC/DC Converter(MMCCC) 449

      14.4.3 nX DC/DC Converter 451

      14.4.4 Component Cost Comparison ofF lyng Capacitor DC/DC Converter MMCCC and nX DC/DC Converter 453

      14.4.5 Zero Current Switching: MMCCC 455

      14.4.6 Fault Tolerance and Reliability of Multilevel Converters 458

14.5 Summary 459

Acknowledgment 461

References 461

15 Multiphase Matrix Converter Topologies and Control 463

15.1 Introduction 463

15.2 Three-Phase Input with Five-Phase Output Matrix Converter 464

      15.2.1 Topology 464

      15.2.2 Control Algorithms 464

15.3 Simulation and Experimental Results 484

15.4 Matrix Converter with Five-Phase Input and Three-Phase Output 488

      15.4.1 Topology 488

      15.4.2 Control Techniques 489

15.5 Sample Results 499

Acknowledgment 501

References 501

16 Boost Preregulators for Power Factor Correction in Single-Phase Rectifiers 503

16.1 Introduction 503

16.2 Basic Boost PFC 504

      16.2.1 Converter's Topology and Averaged Model 504

      16.2.2 Steady-State Analysis 507

      16.2.3 Control Circuit 507

      16.2.4 Linear Control Design 509

      16.2.5 Simulation Results 511

16.3 Half-Bridge Asymmetric Boost PFC 511

      16.3.1 CCM/CVM Operation and Average Modeling of the Converter 513

      16.3.2 Small-Signal Averaged Model and Transfer Functions 514

      16.3.3 Control System Design 515

      16.3.4 Numerical Implementation and Simulation Results 518

16.4 Interleaved Dual-Boost PFC 519

      16.4.1 Converter Topology 522

      16.4.2 Operation Sequences 523

      16.4.3 Linear Control Design and Experimental Results 526

16.5 Conclusion 528

References 529

17 Active Power Filter 534

17.1 Introduction 534

17.2 Harmonics 535

17.3 Effects and Negative Consequences of Harmonics 535

17.4 International Standards for Harmonics 536

17.5 Types of Harmonics 537

      17.5.1 Harmonic Current Sources 537

      17.5.2 Harmonic Voltage Sources 537

17.6 Passive Filters 539

17.7 Power Definitions 540

      17.7.1 Loading Power and Power Factor 541

      17.7.2 Loading Power Definition 541

      17.7.3 Power Factor Deinitionin3D Space Current Coordinate System 541

17.8 Active Power Filters 543

      17.8.1 Current Source Inverter APF 544

      17.8.2 Voltage Source Inverter APF 544

      17.8.3 Shunt Active Power Filter 544

      17.8.4 Series Active Power Filter 545

      17.8.5 Hybrid Filters 545

      17.8.6 High-Power Applications 547

17.9 APF Switching Frequency Choice Methodology 547

17.10 Harmonic Current Extraction Techniques (HCET) 548

      17.10.1 P-Q Theory 548

      17.10.2 Cross-Vector Theory 550

      17.10.3 The Instantaneous Power Theory Using the Rotating P-Q-R Reference Frame 551

      17.10.4 Synchronous Reference Frame 553

      17.10.5 Adaptive Interference Canceling Technique 553

      17.10.6 Capacitor Voltage Control 554

      17.10.7 Time-Domain Correlation Function Technique 554

      17.10.8 Identification by Fourier Series 555

      17.10.9 Other Methods 555

17.11 Shunt Active Power Filter 555

17.12 Series Active Power Filter 564

17.13 Unified Power Quality Conditioner 565

Acknowledgment 569

References 569

18A Hardware-in-the-Loop Systems with Power Electronics: A Powerful Simulation Tool 573

18A.1 Background 573

      18A.1.1 Hardware-in-the-Loop Systems in General 573

      18A.1.2 “Virtual Machine”Application 574

18A.2 Increasing the Performance of the Power Stage 575

      18A.2.1 Sequential Switching 575

      18A.2.2 Magnetic Freewheeling Control 577

      18A.2.3 Increase in Switching Frequency 580

18A.3 Machine Model of an Asynchronous Machine 581

      18A.3.1 Control Problem 581

      18A.3.2 “Inverted” Machine Model 582

18A.4 Results and Conclusions 583

      18A.4.1 Results 589

      18A.4.2 Conclusions 589

References 589

18B Real-Time Simulation of Modular Multilevel Converters (MMCs) 591

18B.1 Introduction 591

      18B.1.1 Industrial Applications of MMCs 591

      18B.1.2 Constraint Introduced by Real-Time Simulation of Power Electronics Converter in General 592

      18B.1.3 MMC Topology Presentation 594

      18B.1.4 Constraints of Simulating MMCs 595

18B.2 Choice of Modeling for MMC and Its Limitations 597

18B.3 Hardware Technology for Real-Time Simulation 598

      18B.3.1 Simulation Using Sequential Programming with DSP Devices 598

      18B.3.2 Simulation Using Parallel Programming with FPGA Devices 599

18B.4 Implementation for Real-Time Simulator Using Different Approach 601

      18B.4.1 Sequential Programming for Average Model Algorithm 602

      18B.4.2 Parallel Programming for Switching Function Algorithm 604

18B.5 Conclusion 606

References 606

19 Model Predictive Speed Control of Electrical Machines 608

19.1 Introduction 608

19.2 Review of Classical Speed Control Schemes for Electrical Machines 609

      19.2.1 Electrical Machine Model 609

      19.2.2 Field-Oriented Control 610

      19.2.3 Direct Torque Control 611

19.3 Predictive Current Control 613

      19.3.1 Predictive Model 614

      19.3.2 Cost Function 615

      19.3.3 Predictive Algorithm 616

      19.3.4 Control Scheme 616

19.4 Predictive Torque Control 617

      19.4.1 Predictive Model 618

      19.4.2 Cost Function 618

      19.4.3 Predictive Algorithm 618

      19.4.4 Control Scheme 618

19.5 Predictive Torque Control Using a Direct Matrix Converter 619

      19.5.1 Predictive Model 620

      19.5.2 Cost Function 620

      19.5.3 Predictive Algorithm 620

      19.5.4 Control Scheme 620

      19.5.5 Control of Reactive Input Power 621

19.6 Predictive Speed Control 622

      19.6.1 Predictive Model 624

      19.6.2 Cost Function 624

      19.6.3 Predictive Algorithm 625

      19.6.4 Control Scheme 625

19.7 Conclusions 626

Acknowledgment 627

References 627

20 The Electrical Drive Systems with the Current Source Converter 630

20.1 Introduction 630

      21.1.1 Capacitive Bearing Current 668

      21.1.2 Electrical Discharge Machining Current 668

      21.1.3 Circulating Bearing Current 669

      21.1.4 Rotor Grounding Current 671

      21.1.5 Dominant Bearing Current 671

20.2 The Drive System Structure 631

20.3 The PWM in CSCs 633

20.4 The Generalized Control of a CSR 636

20.5 The Mathematical Model of an Asynchronous and a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 639

20.6 The Current and Voltage Control of an Induction Machine 641

      20.6.1 Field-Oriented Control 641

      20.6.2 The Current Multi-Scalar Control 643

      20.6.3 The Voltage Multi-Scalar Control 647

20.7 The Current and Voltage Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 651

      20.7.1 The Voltage Multi-scalar Control of a PMSM 651

      20.7.2 The Current Control of an Interior Permanent Magnet Motor 653

20.8 The Control System of a Doubly Fed Motor Supplied by a CSC 657

20.9 Conclusion 661

References 662

21 Common-Mode Voltage and Bearing Currents in PWM Inverters: Causes, Effects and Prevention 664

21.1 Introduction 664

21.2 Determination of the Induction Motor Common-Mode Parameters 671

21.3 Prevention of Common-Mode Current: Passive Methods 674

      21.3.1 Decreasing the Inverter Switching Frequency 674

      21.3.2 Common-Mode Choke 675

      21.3.3 Common-Mode Passive Filter 678

      21.3.4 Common-Mode Transformer 679

      21.3.5 Semi active CM Current Reduction with Filter Application 680

      21.3.6 Integrated Common-Mode and Differential-Mode Choke 681

      21.3.7 Machine Construction and Bearing Protection Rings 682

21.4 Active Systems for Reducing the CM Current 682

21.5 Common-Mode Current Reduction by PWM Algorithm Modifications 683

      21.5.1 Three Non-parity Active Vectors (3NPAVs) 685

      21.5.2 Three Active Vector Modulation (3AVM) 687

      21.5.3 Active Zero Voltage Control (AZVC) 688

      21.5.4 Space Vector Modulation with One-Zero Vector (SVMIZ) 689

21.6 Summary 692

References 692

22 High-Power Drive Systems for Industrial Applications: Practical Examples 695

22.1 Introduction 695

22.2 LNG Plants 696

22.3 Gas Turbines (GTs): the Conventional Compressor Drives 697

      22.3.1 Unit Starting Requirements 697

      22.3.2 Temperature Effect on GT Output 697

      22.3.3 Reliability and Durability 698

22.4 Technical and Economic Impact of VFDs 699

22.5 High-Power Electric Motors 700

      22.5.1 State-of-the-Art High-Power Motors 701

      22.5.2 Brushless Excitation for SM 703

22.6 High-Power Electric Drives 705

22.7 Switching Devices 705

      22.7.1 High-Power Semiconductor Devices 707

22.8 High-Power Converter Topologies 709

      22.8.1 LCI 709

      22.8.2 VSI 710

      22.8.3 Summary 711

22.9 Multilevel VSI Topologies 711

      22.9.1 Two-Level Inverters 711

      22.9.2 Multilevel Inverters 712

22.10 Control of High-Power Electric Drives 719

      22.10.1 PWM Methods 721

22.11 Conclusion 723

Acknowledgment 724

References 724

23 Modulation and Control of Single-Phase Grid-Side Converters 727

23.1 Introduction 727

23.2 Modulation Techniques in Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters 729

      23.2.1 Parallel-Connected H-Bridge Converter(H-BC) 729

      23.2.2 H-Diode Clamped Converter(H-DCC) 733

      23.2.3 H-Flying Capacitor Converter(H-FCC) 736

      23.2.4 Comparison 743

23.3 Control of AC–DC Single-Phase Voltage Source Converters 748

      23.3.1 Single-Phase Control Algorithm Classification 749

      23.3.2 DQ Synchronous Reference Frame Current Control-PI-CC 751

      23.3.3 ABC Natural Reference Frame Current Control-PR-CC 754

      23.3.4 Controller Design 756

      23.3.5 Active Power Feed-Forward Algorithm 759

23.4 Summary 763

References 763

24 Impedance Source Inverters 766

24.1 Multilevel Inverters 766

      24.1.1 Transformer-Less Technology 766

      24.1.2 Traditional CMI or Hybrid CMI 767

      24.1.3 Single-Stage Inverter Topology 767

24.2 Quasi-Z-Source Inverter 767

      24.2.1 Principle of the qZSI 767

      24.2.2 Control Methods of the qZSI 771

      24.2.3 qZ SI with Battery for PV Systems 773

24.3 qZSI-Based Cascade Multilevel PV System 775

24.3.1 Working Principle 775

24.3.2 Control Strategies and Grid Synchronization 779

24.4 Hardware Implementation 780

      24.4.1 Impedance Parameters 780

      24.4.2 Control System 781

Acknowledgments 782

References 782

Index 787

Kamal Al-Haddad has been a professor with the École de Technologie Supérieure’s Electrical Engineering Department since 1990. He has supervised 90 Ph.D. and M.Sc.A. students working in the field of power electronics for various industrial systems, including modelling, simulation, control, and packaging. He has also coauthored more than 400 transactions and conference papers, transferred 21 technologies to the industry, and is accredited with codeveloping the SimPowerSystem toolbox. Kamal Al-Haddad is currently a fellow member of the Canadian Academy of Engineering, IEEE-IES President Elect 2014–2015, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics Associate Editor, and director of ETS-GREPCI research group.

中科院文献情报中心