The second edition of Image-Guided Interventions builds on the success of the first as an international body of work that draws on the knowledge and experience of distinguished contributors from around the world. We believe the first edition fulfilled our intent of producing a practical, concise, well-illustrated textbook representative of the state of the art of interventional practice across the globe. Because modern-day textbooks are no longer needed for an exhaustive list of the current literature, only critical references were included. The second edition is a continuation of this goal. Its five principal editors were selected for their expertise and global representation. Four have returned for the second edition: Drs. Murphy, Venbrux, and Mauro from North America and Dr. Thomson from the Asia-Oceania region. We bid a fond farewell to Christoph Zollikofer (Europe), who has finally entered a well-deserved retirement, and welcome Robert Morgan as our European representative.
The second edition has been reduced to one volume. Several components of the text are offered only as an online resource; these include references and supplementary material. All of the core material with accompanying high-quality color illustrations are present in the traditional printed book form. The first edition received particular acclaim for its radiographic images, tables, charts, and color anatomic illustrations. These have been maintained and enhanced. We have also retained the basic organization of the text into two basic parts: vascular interventions and nonvascular Interventions. Part 1, Vascular Interventions, includes not only diagnosis and intervention of primary vascular disorders (arterial, venous, and lymphatic) but also diseases in other organ systems in which procedures are performed using the vascular system as a conduit for intervention. Part 2, Nonvascular Interventions, covers procedures performed via direct image-guided percutaneous access into the organ or site of interest. Part 1 again begins with core principles including vascular diagnosis, the instruments of intervention, patient care, and the principles of vascular intervention. The subsequent focus of Part 1 is on primary vascular disorders, including arterial, venous, and lymphatic diseases, followed by an anatomic-based discussion of a wide variety of entities in which the vascular tree is used as a conduit for intervention. Part 2 begins with an updated description of biopsy devices, followed by a similarly anatomic-based discussion of image-guided procedures utilizing direct access, including biopsy, drainages, stenting, ablation, injections, and augmentation. All chapters have been updated, and more than a third of the authors are newly appointed and offer specific expertise in the subject matter.
Image-Guided Interventions is designed to be read either primarily from cover to cover, or selectively in preparation for a specific procedure. We have maintained an organizational structure that highlights indications and contraindications for procedures at the outset. Materials required for procedures are clearly listed for easy reference, as are "Key Points" that sum up each chapter. High-quality illustrations and drawings are in abundance because they are typically worth the proverbial thousand words.
We have received tremendous positive feedback from seasoned interventionalists and trainees alike for the first edition of Image-Guided Interventions. The editors and Elsevier have strived in earnest to produce a sequel worthy of its namesake. Like its predecessor, Image-Guided Interventions, Second Edition, will maintain its relevance through constant Internet updating. It is a textbook created and designed not to gather dust on a bookshelf, but to be present in offices and procedural areas alike, well worn from constant use through reading and referral. MATTHEW A. MAURO, MD, FACR; KIERAN P.J. MURPHY, MB, FRCPC, FSIR; KENNETH R. THOMSON, MD, FRANZCR; ANTHONY C. VENBRUX, MD; ROBERT A. MORGAN, MBChB, MRCP, FRCR, EBIR

PART 1 VASCULAR INTERVENTIONS

SECTION ONE HISTORY OF ANGIOGRAPHY AND INTERVENTION

      1 A Brief History of Image-Guided Therapy 1

SECTION TWO VASCULAR DIAGNOSIS

      2 Noninvasive Vascular Diagnosis 10

      3 Invasive Vascular Diagnosis 11

SECTION THREE INSTRUMENTS OF INTERVENTION

      4 Diagnostic Catheters and Guidewires 33

      5 Balloon Catheters 34

      6 Stents 35

      7 Thrombectomy Devices 36

      8 Embolic Protection Devices 38

      9 Atherectomy Devices 39

      10 Embotizatron Agents 41

      11 Aortic Stent-Grafts 42

      12 Inferior Vena Cava Filters 43

      13 Endovascular Laser Therapy 44

      14 Intellectual Property Management 45

SECTION FOUR PATIENT CARE

      15 Clinical Vascular Examination 46

      16 Treatment of Medical Emergencies 54

      17 Radiation Safety and Protection in the Interventional Fluoroscopy Environment 59

      18 Management of Risk Factors for Peripheral Artery Disease 63

      Pharmacologrc Agents in Intervention

      19 Principles of Intraprocedural Analgesics and Sedatives 64

      20 Contrast Agents 70

      21 Principles of Thrombolytic Agents 80

      22 Antiplatelet Agents and Anticoagulants 86

      23 Vasoactive Agents 97

      24 Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Interventional Radiology 104

SECTION FIVE PRINCIPLES OF VASCULAR INTERVENTION

      25 Angioplasty 109

      26 Restenosis 123

      27 Principles of Arterial Access 128

      28 Closure Devices 133

      29 Principles of Venous Access 135

SECTION SIX PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL INTERVENTION

      30 Vascular Anatomy of the Upper Extremity 143

      31 Anatomy of the Lower Limb 158

      Acute Occlusive Disease

      32 Acute Arterial Occlusive Disease of the Upper Extremity 168

      33 Acute Lower Extremity Ischemia 172

      Chronic Occlusive Disease

      34 Chronic Upper Extremity Ischemia and Revascularization 180

      35 Aortoiliac Revascularization 189

      36 Endovascular Management of Chronic Femoropopliteal Disease 210

      37 Infrapopliteal Revascularization 222

      38 Subintimal Angioplasty 229

      39 Management of Extremity Vascular Trauma 241

      40 Management of Postcatheterization Pseudoaneurysms 247

      41 Endovascular Treatment of Peripheral Aneurysms 256

      42 Management of Vascular Arteritides 262

SECTION SEVEN VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS

      43 Congenital Vascular Anomalies: Classification and Terminology 271

      44 Management of Low-Flow Vascular Malformations 284

      45 Management of High-Flow Vascular Anomalies 291

SECTION EIGHT ABDOMINAL VASCULAR INTERVENTION

      Abdominal Aorta

      46 Abdominal Aorta and the Inferior Vena Cava 301

      47 Aortic Endografting 311

      48 Fenestrated Stent-Grafting of Juxtarenal Aortic Aneurysms 321

      49 Management of Thoracoabdominaf Aneurysms by Branched Endograft Technology 327

      50 Endoleaks: Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment 334

      51 Endovascular Treatment of Dissection of the Aorta and Its Branches 348

      Gastrointestinal Tract

      52 Alimentary Tract Vasculature 352

      53 Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage 362

      54 Management of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding 374

      55 Acute Mesenteric Ischemia 380

      56 Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia 387

      Kidney

      57 Renal Vasculature 396

      58 Renovascular Interventions 404

      59 Acute Renal Ischemia 411

      60 Renal Artery Embolization 417

      61 Management of Renal Angiomyolipoma 423

      62 Transvenous Renal Biopsy 427

      Liver and Spleen

      63 Transjugular Liver Biopsy 431

      64 Chemoembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 436

      65 Radioembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma 441

      66 Embolotherapy for the Management of Liver Malignancies Other Than Hepatocellular Carcinoma 450

      67 Radioembolization of Liver Metastases 460

      68 Bland Embolization for Hepatic Malignancies 467

      69 Portal Vein Embolization 476

      70 Vascular Intervention in the Liver Transplant Patient 484

      71 Management of Trauma to the Liver and Spleen 491

      72 Splenic Embolization in Nontraumatized Patients 503

      73 Management of Visceral Aneurysms 508

      74 Intraarterial Ports for Chemotherapy 516

SECTION NINE PELVIC VASCULAR INTERVENTION

      75 Vascular Anatomy of the Pelvis 526

      76 Uterine Fibroid Embolization 542

      77 Peripartum Hemorrhage 547

      78 Management of Pelvic Hemorrhage in Trauma 553

      79 Management of Male Varicocele 559

      80 Management of Female Venous Congestion Syndrome 563

      81 Treatment of High-Flow Priapism and Erectile Dysfunction 569

SECTION TEN THORACIC VASCULAR INTERVENTION

      82 Vascular Anatomy of the Thorax, Including the Heart 575

      83 Thoracic Aortic Stent-Grafting and Management of Traumatic Thoracic Aortic Lesions 588

      84 Bronchial Artery Embolization 599

      85 Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations: Diagnosis and Management 606

      86 Percutaneous Interventions for Acute Pulmonary Embolism 613

SECTION ELEVEN NEUROVASCULAR AND HEAD AND NECK INTERVENTION

      87 Craniocervical Vascular Anatomy 627

      88 Arterial Anatomy of the Spine and Spinal Cord 648

      89 Use of Skull Views in Visualization of Cerebral Vascular Anatomy 669

      90 Cerebral Functional Anatomy and Rapid Neurologic Examination 670

      91 Carotid Revascularization 677

      92 Acute Stroke Management 685

      93 Endovascular Management of Chronic Cerebral Ischemia 696

      94 Management of Head and Neck Tumors 703

      95 Endovascular Management of Epistaxis 720

      96 Subarachnoid Hemorrhage 725

      97 Management of Head and Neck Injuries 729

      98 Cervical Artery Dissection 737

SECTION TWELVE VENOUS INTERVENTION

      99 Superior Vena Cava Occlusive Disease 743

      100 Percutaneous Management of Chronic Lower Extremity Venous Occlusive Disease 750

      101 Acute Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis 755

      102 Acute Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis 766

      103 Portal-Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis 772

      104 Caval Filtration 781

      105 Ambulatory Phlebectomy 790

      106 Great Saphenous Vein Ablation 796

      107 Foreign Body Retrieval 801

SECTION THIRTEEN VENOUS SAMPLING FOR ENDOCRINE DISEASE

      108 Renal Vein Renin Sampling 806

      109 Adrenal Venous Sampling 809

      110 Parathyroid Venous Sampling 813

      111 Arteriography and Arterial Stimulation with Venous Sampling for Localizing Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors 816

SECTION FOURTEEN INTERVENTION IN PORTAL HYPERTENSION

      112 Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunts 822

      113 Retrograde Balloon Occlusion Variceal Ablation 829

SECTION FIFTEEN HEMODIALYSIS ACCESS MANAGEMENT

      114 Surveillance of Hemodialysis Access 840

      115 Management of Failing Hemodialysis Access 844

      116 Management of Clotted Hemodialysis Access Grafts 850

      117 Percutaneous Management of Thrombosis in Native Hemodialysis Shunts 856

SECTION SIXTEEN VENOUS ACCESS

      118 Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters and Nontunneled Central Venous Catheters 861

      119 Tunneled Central Venous Catheters 869

      120 Subcutaneous Ports 876

      121 Hemodialysis Access: Catheters and Ports 891

      122 Clinical Manifestations of Lymphatic Disease 899

      123 Bipedal Lymphangiography 904

      124 Thoracic Duct Embolization for Postoperative Chylothorax 907

PART 2 NONVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS

SECTION SEVENTEEN PERCUTANEOUS BIOPSY AND DRAINAGE

      125 Biopsy Devices 911

      126 Percutaneous Biopsy 918

      127 Percutaneous Abscess Drainage Within the Abdomen and Pelvis 923

      128 Management of Fluid Collections in Acute Pancreatitis 932

SECTION EIGHTEEN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

      129 Esophageal Intervention in Malignant and Benign Esophageal Disease 937

      Gastrointestinal Stenting

      130 Intervention for Gastric Outlet and Duodenal Obstruction 947

      131 Preoperative and Palliative Colonic Stenting 958

      132 Gastrostomy and Gastrojejunostomy 969

      133 Pediatric Gastrostomy and Gastrojejunostomy 976

SECTION NINETEEN THE BILIARY TRACT

      134 Management of Malignant Biliary Tract Obstruction 981

      135 Management of Benign Biliary Strictures 994

      136 Management of Biliary Leaks 1002

      137 Percutaneous Cholecystostomy 1008

      138 Management of Biliary Calculi 1014

      139 Biliary Complications Associated with Liver Transplantation 1020

SECTION TWENTY GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS IN ENERGY-BASED ABLATION

      140 Image-Guided Thermal Tumor Ablation: Basic Science and Combination Therapies 1028

SECTION TWENTY-ONE THE LIVER

      141 Energy-Based Ablation of Hepatocellular Cancer 1038

      142 Energy-Based Ablation of Other Liver Lesions 1047

      143 Cryoablation of Liver Tumors 1055

      144 Chemical Ablation of Liver Lesions 1061

SECTION TWENTY-TWO THE GENITOURINARY TRACT

      145 Urodynamics 1068

      146 Percutaneous Nephrostomy, Cystostomy, and Nephroureteral Stenting 1076

      147 Renal and Perirenal Fluid Collection Drainage 1089

      148 Thermal Ablation of Renal Cell Carcinoma 1098

      149 Magnetic Resonance-Guided Focused Ultrasound Treatment of Uterine Leiomyomas 1111

      150 Fallopian Tube Interventions 1117

SECTION TWENTY-THREE THE THORAX

      151 Thermal Ablation of the Adrenal Gland 1126

      152 Percutaneous Biopsy of the Lung, Mediastinum, and Pleura 1132

      153 Treatment of Effusions and Abscesses 1137

      154 Lung Ablation 1145

      155 Minimally Invasive Image-Guided Breast Biopsy and Ablation 1152

      156 Tracheobronchial Interventions 1161

SECTION TWENTY-FOUR THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

      157 Image-Guided Percutaneous Biopsy of Musculoskeletal Lesions 1174

      158 Ablation and Combination Treatments of Bony Lesions 1182

      159 Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty 1188

      160 New Directions in Bone Materials 1197

      161 Minimally Invasive Disk Interventions 1203

      162 Chemical and Thermal Ablation of Desmoid Tumors 1210

SECTION TWENTY-FIVE PERCUTANEOUS PAIN MANAGEMENT

      163 Selective Nerve Root Block 1217

      164 Stellate Ganglion Block 1233

      165 Facet Joint Injection 1234

      166 Sacroiliac Joint Injections 1241

      167 Periradicular Therapy 1244

      168 Epidural Steroid Injection 1245

      169 Image-Guided Intervention for Symptomatic Tarlov Cysts 1253

      170 Scalene Blocks and Their Role in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome 1256

Index 1259

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