Investigation of contbined cooling, heating. and power (CCHP) systems by different researchers in the last decade have revealed that CCHP is reliable and economical. It saves fuel and reduces air pollution and greenhouse gases. It is also safer with respect to centralized power generation systems in critical situations such as war. terrorist at— tacks, and natural disasters. Due to these essential characteristics it is predicted that the use ofdistributed power generation such as CHP and CCHP systems will develop rapidly in the near future.
This book is written as a guide for CCHP researchers. designers and operators. The contents of this book can accelerate the new research and save considerable time for those who are new to this topic. This book also presents some general guide- lines for operation and maintenance of CCHP systems.
In Chapter 1 most of the published research from 2002 to 20l3 is summarized. The main attention of this literature review is to present the main design and decision-making criteria that concern researchers and designers. In addition different CCHP cycles pre- sented by different investigations are discussed and presented. Through this literature review, the reader will become familiar with many CCHP cycles and their components.
In Chapter 2 the main technologies used in the basic CCHP cycles are introduced. These technologies include different prime mover types such as steam turbines. gas tur- bines, reciprocating internal combustion engines. Micro-gas turbines, micro-steam turbines, Stirling engines, fuel cells and thermal photovoltaic technology. The basic CCHP cycles that can be designed with different prime movers are also presented. Furthermore, cooling system technologies, especially those that are thermally oper- ated. are presented in this chapter. Thermally activated cooling systems include ab- sorption chillers, adsorption chillers. solid and liquid desiccant dehumidifiers. and ejector refrigeration systems.
In the third chapter the main recommended evaluation criteria for use in the decision—making and design steps are introduced and formulated. The criteria are classified into four main groups: technological, economical. environmental. and mis- cellaneous. Every criterion is also divided into several subcriteria. For example. the technological subcriteria include fuel saving. exergy efficiency. overall efficiency. operation in partial load. maturity of the technology. recoverable heat quality. user— friendliness of control and regulation. etc. The economical subcriteria include initial capital cost. operation and maintenance cost. net present value, payback period. inter— nal rate ofreturn, net cash flow. etc. The environmental subcriteria may include reduc— tion of air pollution such as CO2. CO. and NOx as well as noise. The miscellaneous subcriteria may include many parameters such as the footprint. ease of maintenance. import and export limitations on CCHP components. lifetime. etc.
In the fourth chapter, two methods are presented for decision-making for certain CCHP ComPOHCnls, such as the prime mover, cooling, or heating systems. Decisions are made based on the fuzzy logic, and the grey incidence approach. These methods are called multicrileria decision-making methods. In this chapter, as an example, the prime mover of a CCHP system is chosen among several options for various climates.
To design a CCHP system, load calculation is one of the most important steps. In - Chapter 5 different load calculation methods that can be used to design a CCHP sys- tem are presented. In addition, the load calculators and websites that can he Used tor finding necessary weather information are introduced. Also in this chapter the energ) demands of a sample building in five different climates are calculated and compared.
In Chapter 6 different design methods for CCHP systems are presented. These meth- ods include the classic maximum rectangle method (MRM); developed MRM: energ) management stzing methods including FEL, FTL, and FSL: the thermodynamical suing method; the thennoeconomical sizing method; the multieriteria sizing function: and the lit- ness function method. In addition a CCHP system is designed for live satnple climates h) using diflemnt sizing methods and the results and advantages and disadvantages of si/ing methods are compared as well. This chapter is especially helpful for designers.
Usmg renewable energy sources besides fossil fuels in CCHP systems increases the capabilities of this new technology. In the seventh chapter solar heat in particular is studied for use in CCHP systems. A solar collector is coupled with the CCHP cycle and a method is proposed to determine the optimum direction and size of the collector in live climates.
Since usually the surplus heat is wasted in heating systems and basic CCHP c)c|es in panicular, storing the surplus heat for reuse at a later time can increase the ad- vantages of the CCHP system. In Chapter 8 the principals of thermal energ) storage (TES) systems are introduced and the CCHP cycle designed in the previous chapters is equipped with the TES system.
Operation and maintenance of CCHP systems is a greatjob. A proper operation and maintenance program maintains the CCHP cycle in optimum condition. increases its life span and reliability, and decreases maintenance costs. In Chapter 9 the basics at operation and maintenance, pre—commissioning, commissioning. post—commissioning. and troubleshooting of CCHP cycles are presented as a guideline for operators.
Finally in Chapter 10 the mutual benefits of CCHP cycles for consumers and the govemment are discussed; this positive impact highlights a bright future for CCHP ' systems.
We believe that CCHP systems can be reliable as an energy conversion etIUipmeiit because they use fuel energy very efficiently in comparison with the eomentional systems for producing cooling, heating, and power. They are also helpful in reducing the risk of global warming. They are safer in critical situations such as war. terrorist attack, and natural disasters such as flood, earthquake, and thunderstorms.
We believe that this book is just an introduction for the decision-making process for CCHP systems and the design, and optimization of them. We appreciate every proposal, correction, question, comment, or criticism on this book with our lieari and soul. The readers can write letters about the book to Dr. Masood Ebrahimi. University Of Kurdistan, Kurdistan Province, Iran. In addition they can send email to ebrahimi_masood@yahoo.com or ma.ebrahimi@uok.ac.ir.

Preface ix

1 CCHP Literature 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 CCHP in the Last Decade 2

2 CCHP Technology 35

2.1 Introduction 35

2.2 Basic CCHP Cycles 35

2.3 Thermally Activated Cooling Systems 73

2.4 Problems 89

3 CCHP Evaluation Criteria 93

3.1 lnlroduction 93

3.2 Technological Subcriteria 94

3.3 Economic Subcrileria 98

3.4 Environmental Subcriteria 100

3.5 Miscellaneous Suberiteria 101

3.6 Problems 102

4 CCHP Decision-Making 103

4.1 Introduction 103

4.2 Multicriteria Decision-Making (MCDM) 105

4.3 Case Studies 1 16

4.4 The Effect of μ and ion ξ and GIG 122

4.5 Problems 126

5 CCHP Load Calculations 129

5.1 Introduction 129

5.2 Weather Information 129

5.3 Load Calculators 130

5.4 Load Calculation Example 131

5.5 Problems 138

6 CCHP Design 139

6.1 lnlroduction 139

6.2 Maximum Rectangle Method (MRM) 139

6.3 Developed~MRM 143

6.4 EMS Sizing Methods 145

6.5 Thermodynamic Sizing Methods 147

6.6 Thennoeconomic Sizing Methods 149

6.7 Multicriteria Sizing Methods 151

6.8 Case Study 154

6.9 Problems 167

7 CCHP Solar Heat Collectors 171

7.1 Introduction 171

7.2 Solar Heat Gain Calculation 172

7.3 Collector Size 177

7.4 Case Study 178

7.5 Problems 181

8 CCHP Thermal Energy Storage 183

8.1 Introduction 183

8.2 Thermal Energy Storage (TES) 183

8.3 Charge and Discharge of TES 186

8.4 Sizing of TES 187

9 CCHP Operation and Maintenance 189

9.1 Introduction 189

9.2 General O&M Program 189

10 CCHP the Future 197

10.1 Introduction 197

10.2 Benefits of CCHP for Consumers and Governments 197

10.3 Future of CCHP Systems I99

Symbols 201

Appendix 205

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