Pathophysiology for Nurses at a Glance provides you with a concise overview of a number health-related conditions. This text has been written with the intention of making the sometimes complex subject of pathophysiology understandable and stimulating. The human body has an astonishing capacity to respond to disease in a variety of physiological and psychological ways; it is able to compensate for the changes that occur caused by the disease process. This text considers those changes (the pathophysiological processes) and the effect they can have on a person.
Pathophysiology is concerned with the disturbance of normal mechanical, physical and biochemical functions. The word pathophysiology is a combined word from the Greek pathos, which means disease, and physiology is related to the numerous normal functions of the human body. Pathophysiology considers both the cellular and the organ changes that occur with disease, as well as the impact these changes have on body function. When something influences the normal physiological functioning of the body (such as disease), then this becomes a pathophysiological issue. It must be remembered, however, that normal health is not and cannot be exactly the same in any two people; as such, the term normal must be treated with caution.
To be abLe to care for people in a safe and effective manner, the nurse must have the knowledge and skills to meet needs inside and outside hospital and across health and social care, and meet the needs of an increasing older population and of those with long-term conditions.
This text is mainly intended for nursing students who will come into contact with those who may have a variety of physically related healthcare problems such as pneumonia, diabetes mellitus and many more diseases. The focus of the text is on the adult person.
It is the intention of this text to develop knowledge and skills both in theory and practice and to apply this knowledge with the intention of providing safe and effective high-quality care. The overriding aim is to relate normal body function to pathological changes that may lead to disease processes, preventing the individual from leading a 'normal' life.
Using the fundamental approach found in this will text will provide readers with an essential understanding of applied pathophysiology. Muralitharan Nair Ian Peate

Preface viii

Abbreviations ix

Acknowledgements xi

How to use your revision guide xii

About the companion website xiii

Part 1 Pathophysiology 1

1 Key principles of pathophysiology 2

2 Cell injury,adaptation and death 4

3 Inflammation,tissue repair and regeneration 6

4 Cancer 8

Part 2 Shock 11

5 Cardiogenic shock 12

6 Anaphylactic shock 14

7 Hypovolaemic shock 16

8 Septicaemia 18

Part 3 Immunity 21

9 Human immunodeficiency virus 22

10 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma 24

11 Infectious mononucleosis 26

Part 4 The nervous system 29

12 Meningitis 30

13 Multiple sclerosis 32

14 Parkinson's disease 34

15 Cerebrovascular accident 36

Part 5 The blood 39

16 Anaemia 40

17 Deep vein thrombosis 42

18 Leukaemia 44

19 Thrombocytopenia 46

Part 6 The cardiovascular system 49

20 Heart failure 50

21 Myocardial infarction 52

22 Peripheral vascular disease 54

23 Angina 56

Part 7 The respiratory system 58

24 Asthma 60

25 Chronic bronchitis 62

26 Pulmonary embolism 64

27 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 66

Part 8 The gastrointestinal system 69

28 Peritonitis 70

29 Crohn's disease 72

30 Peptic ulcer 74

31 Ulcerative colitis 76

32 Bowel cancer 78

Part 9 The hepato-biliary system 81

33 Hepatitis 82

34 Cholecystitis 84

35 Pancreatitis 86 36 Liver cancer 88

Part 10 The urinary system 91

37 Renal failure 92

38 Pyelonephritis 94

39 Renal calculi 96

40 Bladder cancer 98

Part 11 The male reproductive system 101

41 Benign prostatic hyperplasia 102

42 Testicular torsion 104

43 Erectile dysfunction 106

44 Prostate cancer 108

45 Testicular cancer 110

Part 12 The female reproductive system 113

46 Cancer of the vulva 114

47 Menorrhagia 116

48 Breast cancer 118

49 Cervical cancer 120

Part 13 The endocrine system 123

50 Diabetes mellitus 124

51 Adrenal insufficiency 126

52 Cushing's syndrome 128

53 Hyperthyroidism 130

Part 14 The musculoskeletal system 133

54 Osteoarthritis 134

55 Osteoporosis 136 56 Osteomyelitis 138

57 Gout 140

58 Rheumatoid arthritis 142

Part 15 The skin 145

59 Atopic dermatitis 146

60 Psoriasis 148

61 Acne vulgaris 150

62 Malignant melanoma 152

Part 16 Ear, nose and throat 155

63 Otitis media 156

64 Meniere's disease 158

65 Pharyngitis 160

66 Rhinosinusitis 162

67 Epistaxis 164

Part 17 Vision 167

68 Cataracts 168

69 Glaucoma 170

70 Age-related macular degeneration 172

71 Conjunctivitis 174

Appendices 176

Appendix 1 Cross-references to chapters in Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses at a Glance 176

Appendix 2 Normal values 178

Appendix 3 Prefixes and suffixes 180

Appendix 4 Glossary of terms 187

Further reading 189

Index 190

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