In order to care effectively for people (sick or well) the nurse has to have an understanding and insight into anatomy and physiology.A\The human body is composed of organic and inorganic molecules that are organised at a variety of structural levels; despite this an individual should be seen and treated in a holistic manner, if the nurse is to provide appropriate and timely care, it is essential that they can recognise illness, deliver effective treatment and refer appropriately with the person at the centre of all they do.A\Nurses are required to demonstrate a sound knowledge of anatomy and physiology with the intention of providing safe and effective nursing care. This is often assessed as a part of a programme of study. The overall aim of this concise text is to provide an overview of anatomy and physiology and the related biological sciences that can help to develop your practical caring skills and improve your knowledge with the aim of you becoming a caring, kind and compassionate nurse. It is anticipated that you will be able to deliver increasingly complex care for the people you care for when you understand how the body functions.A\This text provides you with the opportunity to apply the content to the care of people. As you begin to appreciate how people respond or adapt to pathophysiological changes and stressors you will be able to understand that people (regardless of age) have specific biological needs.A\The integration and application of evidence-based theory to practice is a key component of effective and safe health care. This goal cannot be achieved without an understanding of anatomy and physiology.A\Living systems can be expressed from the very smallest level; the chemical level, atoms, molecules and the chemical bonds connecting atoms provide the structure upon which living activity is based. The smallest unit of life is the cell. Tissue is a group of cells that are alike, performing a common function. Organs are groups of different types of tissues working together to carry out a specific activity. Two or more organs working together to carry out a particular activity is described as a system. Another system that possesses the characteristics of living things is an organism, with the capacity to obtain and process energy, the ability to react to changes in the environment and to reproduce.A\Anatomy is associated with the function of a living organism and as such it is almost always inseparable from physiology. Physiology is the science dealing with the study of the function of cells, tissues, organs and organisms; it is the study of life.A\This At A Glance provides you with structure and a comprehensive approach to anatomy and physiology. Ian Peate, Muralitharan Nair

Preface vii

Abbreviations viii

Acknowledgements ix

How to use your revision guide x

About the companion website xi

Part 1 Foundations 1

1 The genome 2

2 Homeostatic mechanisms 4

3 Fluid compartments 6

4 Cells and organelles 8

5 Transport systems 10

6 Blood 12

7 Inflammation and immunity 14

8 Tissues 16

Part 2 The nervous system 19

9 The brain and nerves 20

10 Structures o! the brain 22

11 The spinal cord 24

12 The blood supply 26

13 The autonomic nervous system 28

14 Peripheral nervous system 30

Part 3 The heart and vascular system 33

15 The heart 34

16 Blood flow through the heart 36

17 The conducting system 38

18 Nerve supply to the heart 40

19 Structure of the blood vessels 42

20 Blood pressure 44

21 Lymphatic circulation 46

Part 4 The respiratory system 49

22 The respiratory tract 50

23 Pulmonary ventilation 52

24 Control of breathing 54

25 Gas exchange 56

Part 5 The gastrointestinal tract 59

26 The upper gastrointestinal tract 60

27 The lower gastrointestinal tract 62

28 The liver, gallbladder and biliary tree 64

29 Pancreas and spleen 66

30 Digestion 68

Part 6 The urinary system 71

31 The kidney: microscopic 72

32 The kidney: microscopic 74

33 The ureter, bladder and urethra 76

34 Formation of urine 78

Part 7 The male reprodictive system 81

35 External male genitalia 82

36 The prostate gland 84

37 Spermatogenesis 86

Part 8 The female reproductive system 89

38 Female internal reproductive organs 90

39 External female genitalia 92

40 The breast 94

41 The menstrual cycle 96

Part 9 The endocrine system 99

42 The endocrine system 100

43 The thyroid and adrenal glands 102

44 The pancreas and gonads 104

Part 10 The musculoskeletal system 107

45 Bone structure 108

46 Bone types 110

47 Joints 112

48 Muscles 114

Part 11 The skin 117

49 The skin layers 118

50 The skin appendages 120

51 Epithelialisation 122

52 Granulation 124

Part 12 The senses 127

53 Sight 128

54 Hearing 130

55 Olfaction 132

56 Gustation 134

Appendices

Appendix 1 Cross-references to chapters in Pathophysiology for Nurses at a Glance 136

Appendix 2 Normal physiological values 138

Appendix 3 Prefixes and suffixes 140

Appendix 4 Glossary 147

Further reading 150

Index 151

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