First published in 1918, this book forms the second of two volumes on the properties of oils, fats and waxes. The texts were designed to meet the needs of technical workers and chemists requiring guidance on the basic principles underlying the area. Volume one focuses on chemical and general properties; volume two concentrates on practical and analytical matters. Numerous illustrative figures are incorporated throughout. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest in chemistry and the history of science.

PREFACE

SECTION I INTKODUCTION TO PRACTICAL WORK FOR TECHNICAL STUDENTS1

SECTION II SAMPLING AND PRELIMINARY TESTS 5

Sampling.

      Liquids 16

      Solids 17

Preliminary Tests.

      Water 17

      Foreign substances 19

      Determination of fatty matter 20

Preparation of samples for analysis 23

SECTION III PRACTICAL METHODS FOR THE STANDARD ANALYTICAL DETER MINATIONS 25

Specific Gravity 26

      (a)The specific gravity bottle 26

      (b)The Sprengel tube 29

      (c)The hydrostatic balance 32

      (d)The fotation method 34

      (e)Hydrometers 36

Melting Point 38

      (a)Capillary method 38

      (b)Platinum loop method 41

Solidifying Point of Mixed Fatty Acids 42

Refractive Power 45

      (a)The Pulfrich refractometer 47

      (b)The butyro-refractometer 53

      (c)The Abbe refractometer 56

      a The Dispersive Power 58

Viscosity 62

      Absolute viscosity 63

      The Redwood viscometer 65

      Standardising 66

      Viscosity ratio number 70

      The Coleman-Archbutt viscometer 70

      Doolittle torsion viscometer 73

Solubility 76

      Standardisation of the solvent 78

      Acetic acid 79

      Alcohol reagent 80

      Diagram of results 84-85

Rotatory Power 78

      The Lippich polarimeter 89

The Iodine Value 92

      a Bromine thermal test 97

      b Maumene test 100

      c Oxygen absorption test 102

Elaidin Test 104

Saponification Value 106

Insoluble Bromide Value of Fatty Acids 109

Reichert-Meissl Value 113

      a Polenske Value 116

The Acetyl Value 119

The Acid Value 123

Unsaponiflable Matter 126

SECTION IV SPECIFIC TESTS FOR OILS,FATS AND WAXES 131

Menhaden oil Hoppenstedt's test 132

Liver oils Sulphuric acid test 132

Tung oil Solidification test 133

Walnut oil Bellier's test 133

Cottonseed oil Halphen test 133

      Nitric acid test 134

      Becchi test 134

Sesame oil Baudouin test 135

      Soltsien reaction 135

Rape oil Tortelli and Fortini test 135

      Holde and Marcusson test 139

      Kernel oils Bieber's test 140

      Arachis oil Bellier's test 140

      Evers'modified quantitative method 141

      Renard's method 144

Olive oil Mazzaron's test 146

      Sulphur oil test 146

Cacao butter Bjorklund's test 146

Coconut oil Shrewsbury-Knapp method (Elsdon's modi-fication) 147

Palm kernel oil Elsdon's method 149

      Burnett and Revis method 150

Lard Stock-Belfield method 152

      Bomer's method 152

Butterfat Kirschner method 154

      Ave Lallement (Baryta numbers) 155

Beeswax Weinwurm test 156

Hardened fats Estimation of nickel 157

SECTION V IDENTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF FATTY ACIDS AND ALCOHOLS (INCLUDING GLYCERIN) 159

A.Mixed fatty acids 160

      Table of specific gravities 162

      melting points 163

      refractive indices 165

      iodine values 166

      mean molecular weights 168

      insoluble acids +unsaponifiable(Hehner No.) 169

B.Separation and determination of fatty acids 171

      Lead-salt-ether method 171

      Estimation of stearic acid 173

      Hydroxylated fatty acids I74

      Oxidised fatty acids 175

C.Examination of alcohols 176

      Estimation of the sterols 176

      Phytosteryl acetate test 178

      Wax alcohols 179

      Glycerin 180

      estimation of,in oils 181

      commercial glycerins 1811

      chemically pure glycerin 182

      arsenic 182

      distilled glycerin 183

      nitration test 183

      international standard methods of analysis 185

      free alkali 185

      ash and total alkalinity 185

      alkali as carbonate 186

      alkali us organic sults 186

      acidity fotal residue at 1866

      organic residue 187

      moisfure 187

      acetin process 188

      dickromate process 191

      calculations 193

      British standard specifications 194

      soap lye crude glycerin 1949

      saponification 195

SECTION VI TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF HYDROCARBON OILS AND WAXES 197

Standard determinations I98

Flash point 202

      Abel test 202

      Pensky-Martens'test 207

      Gray's test 209

Ignition test (fire test) 210

Cold test(setting point) 211

      Scotch method 211

      Freezing mixtures method 212

      Fluidity method(Schultz) 212

Examination of crudes 214

      Crude petroleum 214

      Fractional distillation 2I4

      Crude ozokerite 2I5

      Crude bitumen 215

      Crude coals and shales 2I6

Examination of distillates 216

      Naphtha 216

      Illuminating oils 216

      Lubricating oils 217

      Fuel oils 218

Waxes

      Paraffin wax 218

      Ozokerite (ceresin) 219

      Montan wax 219

SECTION VII ESTING AND ANALYSIS OF ROSIN AND TURPENTINE 221

Rosin.

A.Detection.

      (a)In mineral oils 222

      (b)In fatty oils or fatty acids 222

      Liebermann-Storch test 222

      (c)In waxes 223

B.Determination.

      (a)In mineral oils and waxes 223

      (b)In fatty oils,acids or natural waxes 223

      Twitchell method 223

Turpentine.

      Standard determinations 225

      Specific tests for adulterants 228

      Fractionation test 228

      Burton's method (solubility in fuming nitric acid) 230

      Wolf's test 232

      Piest's test 232

      Grimaldi's test 232

      Zune's test 232

      Chlorinated hydrocarbons 232

      Summary of tests 232

SECTION VIII INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 235

Variations in oils.

      Effect of differing varieties of plant or animal 236

      Effect of climate 237

      Effect of food 237

      Purity of the source 238

      Freshness of the oil-yielding material 238

      Method of obtaining oil,fat,etc. 238

      Method of refinement 239

      Hydrogenation 239

      Effect of age 241

      Special treatment 241

      lithographic varnishes 241

      boiled oils 242

      blown oils 242

      sulphonated oils 242

      Inadvertent contamination 242

      Identity of a pure oil,etc. 243

      Determination of purity of an oil,etc. 244

      Deductions from analytical data 244

      Example of a sample of olive oil 244

      Example of a sample of lard 245

      Use of coloured diagrams 245

      Identity of adulterants if present 247

Various classes of technical products.

      A.Edible oils and fats 248

      Example of a salad oil 248

      Example of a sample of margarine 249

      Table of average values for edible oils 250--251

B.Soap manufacture 252

      Example of a sample of household soap 252

      Example of a sample of potash soft soap 253

      Example of a sample of soda soft soap 256

      Table of average values of mixed fatty acids for hard soap analysis 254

      for soft soap analysis 255

C.Lubricating oils and fats 256

      Table of average values of oils used as lubricants 257

      Example of an engine oil 258

      Example of an aircraft engine oil 258

      Example of a motor-car engine oil 259

      Example of an axle grease 259

D. Candle manufacture 260

      Stearines 260

      Paraffin wax 262

      Beeswax 262

      Oxokerit 262

      Spermaceti 263

      Table of average values of waxes 261

      Example of a paraffin candle 264

      Example of a wax candle for church use 264

      Example of a standard sperm candle 264

E.Illuminating oils 264

      Example of a lighthouse" oil 265

      Example of a“colza oil”265

F.Wax mixtures and polishes 265

      Example of floor polish 266

SECTION IX SCHEME FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF AN OIL,FAT,OR WAX 267

Distinguishing glycerides and non-glycerides 268

Characteristics of glycerides 269

      Colour 269

      Odour 269

      Flavour 270

Characteristics of non-glycerides 270

      Mineral oils 270

      Waxes 271

Classification of glycerides 272

      Liquids.

      Class I.Marine oils 273

      Group 1.Fish oils 273

      Group 2.Liver oils 273

      Group 3 Blubber oils 273

      Class I1.Vegetable drying oils 273

      Class III.Vegetable semi-drying oils 274

      Class IV.Vegetable non-drying oils 274

      Group 1.Rape oil group 275

      Group 2.Olive oil group 275

      Group 3.Castor oil group 276

      Class V.Animal oils 276

      Solids.

      Class VI.Vegetable fats 276

      Group 1.Vegetable butters 276

      Group 2.Vegetable tallows 276

      Group 3.Coconut oil group 277

Class VII.Animal fats 278

      Group 1.Body fats 278

      Group 2.Milk fats 278

      Classification of non-glycerides 278

      Class VIII.Liquid waxes 278

      Class IX.Natural waxes 279

      Class X.Bitumen waxes. 279

      Class XI.Mineral oils 280

      Class XIL.Mineral waxes 281

SECTION X TARLES

I Acid values,expressed in terms of oleic acid 284

II Alcohol S.G.of solutions 285

III Ammonia:S.G.of solutions 285

IV Atomic weights 287

V Capacities of cylindrical vessels 289

VI Carbonate of potash:S.G.of solutions 290

VII Carbonate of soda:S.G.of solutions 291

VIII Caustic alkali:S.G.of solutions 291

IX Centigrade degrees equivalent to Fahrenheit 292

X Fahrenheit degrees equivalent to Centigrade 293

XI Glycerin:refractive indices and specific gravities 294

XII Glycerol:theoretical yields from oils and fats 295

XIII Hydrochloric acid:s.G.of solutions 296

XIV Nitric acid:S.G.of solutions 297

XV Oleic and stearic acids:iodine value of mixtures 298

XVI Sodium chloride:S.G.of solutions 299

XVII Sulphuric acid:s.C.of solutions 300

XVIII Viscosities (of some liquids) 301

APPENDIX I.A new test for oils and fats 302

APPENDIX II.The determination of glycerin in soap 304

SUBJECT INDEX 306

NAME INDEX 313

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