An updated, introductory text into the world of Analog Design
LTSPICE files and PowerPoint files available online to assist readers and instructors in simulating circuits found in the text：book site. elsevier. com/9780124058668
Design examples are utilized throughout the text along with end of chapter examples
Real-world parasitic elements in circuit design and their effects are covered
This book reflects Dr. Thompson's thirty years of experience designing analog and power electronics circuits and teaching graduate-level Analog Circuit Design, and is the ideal reference for anyone who needs a straightforward introduction to the subject. In this book, Marc Thompson describes intuitive and 'back of the envelope' techniques for designing and analyzing analog circuits, including transistor amplifiers (CMOS, JFETT and bipolar) , transistor switching, noise in analog circuits, thermal circuit design, magnetic circuit design, and control systems. The application of some simple rules-of-thumb and design techniques is the first step in developing an intuitive understanding of the behavior of complex electrical systems.
Intuitive Analog Circuit Design outlines ways of thinking about analog circuits and systems that will develop a 'feel' for what a good, working analog circuit design should be. Analog circuit design is introduced with a minimum of mathematics. The book uses numerous real-world examples to help readers make the transition to analog design. This new edition is an ideal introductory text for anyone who is new to this area.

Preface to the Second Edition
Changes in the second edition
The author and the editors received many comments from readers regarding the content of the first edition of this book. Based, partly, on these concerns, the following additions were made to the second edition:
Chapter 2: a section on the "logarithmic decrement", a very useful technique, used primarily by mechanical engineers to estimate the damping ratio of a pole pair, from measurements of the transient response, was added.
Chapter 5: an example of tuned transistor amplifier was added
Chapter 7: the section on the emitter follower was extensively expanded to discuss the dreaded high-frequency emitter follower oscillation. Lab experiments were shown where a 2N3904 emitter follower unintentionally oscillates at 100 MHz. Many other examples also were added to this chapter.
Chapter 8: sections illustrating the bad effects of parasitic inductance on current mirror speed were introduced
Chapter 9: the chapter was significantly expanded with the description of JFETS and JFET amplifiers. Several more MOS amplifiers(including the shunt peaked MOS amplifier) were added
Chapter 10: lab experiments illustrating charge control concepts were added.
Chapter 11: the chapter on feedback systems was extensively written with new concepts and numerous new examples. Lab experiments showing the effects of capacitive loading on op-amps were added.
Chapter 14: sections were added on active filters, and on passive implementation of delay lines
Chapter 16: a completely new chapter on electrical noise was added
Chapter 17: some transmission line experiments were added. A section on the use and abuses of SPICE simulation was added.
Software used by the author
Throughout, circuit simulation examples were redone in LTSPICE, and the LTSPICE. cir files are provided to the reader. LT SPICE is copyrighted by Linear Technology Corporation. In Chapter 14, some active filters were designed using Texas Instruments' FilterPro software, version 3.10. This software is copyrighted by Texas Instruments, Inc. Other simulations were done using MATLAB. MATLAB is a registered trademark of The Mathworks, Inc.
Thanks
I hope, in this preface, to give thanks to those who have directly and indirectly inspired me to learn analog stuff over the years.
Thanks go to my undergraduate and graduate professors at MIT who taught me the basics, and the not so basics: Prof Jim Roberge, Prof Harry Lee, Prof Dick Thomton, and Prof Kim Vandiver.
Thanks also to the hands-on teaching assistants: Leo Casey, Tom Lee, and Dave Trumper.
And to those of us who suffered and TA'd together: Tracy Clark, Kent Lundberg, and Dave Perreault
And to Dr Jeff Roblee (Precitech, Keene, NH) who has long tutored me on mechanical and thermal stuff.
Thanks to my editor on another Elsevier text, the late Bob Pease, wacky analog guru.
Also, thanks to the excellent Elsevier editorial team, who did outstanding work on short deadlines despite having the Atlantic Ocean between us.
Extra-special thanks go to my 20 or so students in my 2012 grad class, Worcester Polytechnic Institute's occasionally-taught ECE529, Special Topics, "Analog Circuits and Intuitive Design Methods". The students serve as willing and capable editors for this second edition. They did an excellent job finding my typos and white lies. Only time will tell if they found all of my errors and omissions.
Marc Thompson
Harvard, Massachusetts,
July 2013.

Preface to the Second Edition xxi

CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Motivation 1

The need for analog designers 1

Some early history of technological advances in analog integrated circuits 3

Digital vs. Analog implementation: designer's choice 7

So, why do we become analog designers? 10

Note on nomenclature in this text 10

Note on coverage in this book 10

Further reading 11

CHAPTER 2 Review of Signal Processing Basics 15

Review of laplace transforms, transfer functions,and pole-zero plots 15

First-order system response 17

      First-order system approximations at low and high frequency 19

      First-order system step response for short times (t<

      First-order system with extra high-frequency pole 24

Second-order systems 25

      Second-order mass-spring system (ideally undamped damping ratio ζ=0) 26

      A second-order RLC electrical system with damping,ζ<1 28

      Quality factor "Q" 31

      Transient response of second-order system with damping ratio ζ<1 33

      Example 2. 1: Bandwidth and rise time of a second-order system 35

Free vibration of damped, second-order system 35

Logarithmic decrement 35

      Example 2. 2: Using the logarithmic decrement 39

Higher order systems 39

      Second-order electrical system with extra high-frequency poles 39

      Second-order system with widely spaced real-axis poles 40

      Finding approximate pole locations from the transfer function denominator 42

      Review of resonant electrical circuits 43

      Use of energy methods to analyze undamped resonant circuits 44

      Rise time for cascaded systems 46

      Example 2.3: Rise time of three systems in cascade 47

      Chapter 2 problems 48

      Problem 2.1 48

      Problem 2.2 48

      Problem 2.3 48

      Problem 2.4 48

      Problem 2.5 48

      Problem 2.6 48

      Problem 2.7 49

      Problem 2.8 49

      Problem 2.9 50

      Problem 2.10 50

      Problem 2.11 50

      Problem 2.12 51

      Further reading 51

CHAPTER 3 Review of Diode Physics and the ldeal (and Later, Nonideal) Diode 53

Current flow in insulators, good conductors, and semiconductors 53

Electrons and holes 55

Drift, diffusion, recombination, and generation 58

      Drift 58

      Diffusion 60

      Generation and recombination 63

      Comment on total current in semiconductors 63

Effects of semiconductor doping 63

      Donor-doped material 64

      Acceptor-doped material 65

PN junction under thermal equilibrium 66

PN junction under applied forward bias 69

Reverse-biased diode 73

The ideal diode equation 73

Charge storage in diodes 75

      Depletion capacitance 75

Charge storage in the diode under forward bias 76

Reverse recovery in bipolar diodes 77

Reverse breakdown 78

Taking a look at a diode datasheet 79

Some quick comments on Schottky diodes 82

Chapter 3 problems 82

      Problem 3.1 82

      Problem 3.2 83

      Problem 3.3 83

      Problem 3.4 83

      Problem 3.5 83

      Problem 3.6 84

      Problem 3.7 84

      Problem 3.8 85

Further reading 85

CHAPTER 4 Bipolar Transistor Models 87

A little bit of history 87

Basic NPN transistor 89

Transistor models in different operating regions 92

Low-frequency incremental bipolar transistor model 94

High-frequency incremental model 98

Reading a transistor data sheet 103

      Large-signal parameters (hFE, VCE, SAT) 103

      Small-signal parameters (hfe, Cμ, Cπ, and rx) 103

Limitations of the hybrid-pi model 108

2N3904 datasheet excerpts 110

Chapter 4 problems 115

      Problem 4.1 115

      Problem 4.2 115

      Problem 4.3 115

      Problem 4.4 115

      Problem 4.5 116

Further reading 116

CHAPTER 5 Basic Bipolar Transistor Amplifiers and Biasing 119

The issue of transistor biasing 119

      Example 5.1: Biasing example 123

Some transistor amplifiers 123

      The common-emitter amplifier 123

      Emitter follower low-frequency gain, input impedance,and output impedance 129

      Example 5.2: Emitter follower gain and bandwidth 132

      Differential amplifier 135

      Example 5.3: Shunt peaked amplifier 142

      Example 5.4: Simple tuned amplifier 144

Chapter 5 problems 146

      Problem 5.1 146

      Problem 5.2 146

      Problem 5.3 146

      Problem 5.4 147

      Problem 5.5 148

      Problem 5.6 149

      Problem 5.7 149

      Problem 5.8 150

      Problem 5.9 151

      Further reading 151

CHAPTER 6 Amplifier Bandwidth Estimation Techniques 153

Introduction to open-circuit time constants 153

      Example 6.1: Elementary OCT C example 156

Transistor amplifier examples 159

      Example 6.2: Common-emitter amplifier (revisited) 159

      Using the common-emitter amplifier result as an OCTC sanity check 161

      Example 6.3: Emitter follower bandwidth estimate using OCTCs 163

      Example 6.4: Differential amplifier 167

      Example 6.5: Iterative design study using OCTCs 169

Short-circuit time constants 184

      Example 6.6: Short-circuit time constants design example 188

Chapter 6 problems 192

      Problem 6.1 192

      Problem 6.2 192

      Problem 6.3 192

      Problem 6.4 194

      Problem 6.5 195

      Problem 6.6 195

      Problem 6.7 196

      Problem 6.8 197

      Further reading 197

CHAPTER 7 Advanced Amplifier Topics and Design Examples 199

Note on cascaded gain stages and the effects of loading 199

Worst-case open-circuit time constants calculations 200

      Example 7.1: Estimating gain and bandwidth of common-emitter amplifier with emitter degeneration 205

      Example 7.2: Differential amplifier with emitter degeneration 209

High-frequency output and input impedance of emitter follower buffers 211

      Example 7.3: Emitter follower output impedance numerical example 213

      Example 7.4: Unloaded emitter follower input impedance 216

      Example 7.5: Input impedance of capacitively loaded emitter follower 217

      Example 7.6: The dreaded emitter follower unintentional high-frequency oscillation 221

      Example 7.7: Laboratory experiment demonstrating dreaded emitter follower unintentional high-frequency oscillation 222

Bootstrapping 224

      Example 7.8: Bootstrapping an emitter follower 225

      Example 7.9: Another bootstrapping design example 226

      Example 7.10: Shunt peaked amplifier revisited 228

      Example 7.11: Common-base amplifier 229

      Example 7.12: Current amplifier 235

      Example 7.13: Effects of parasitic inductance on the performance of high-speed circuits 237

Pole splitting 238

      Example 7.14: Pole splitting 246

Chapter 7 problems 247

      Problem 7.1 247

      Problem 7.2 248

      Problem 7.3 248

      Problem 7.4 249

      Problem 7.5 249

      Problem 7.6 249

      Problem 7.7 250

Further reading 251

CHAPTER 8 BJT High-Gain Amplifiers and Current Mirrors 253

The need to augment the hybrid-pi model 253

Base-width modulation and the extended hybrid-pi model 255

Calculating small-signal parameters using a transition datasheet 258

      Example 8.1: Common-emitter amplifier with an ideal current source load 259

Building blocks 261

      Incremental output resistance of a bipolar current source 261

      Emitter-follower incremental input resistance 263

      Example 8.2: Incremental input resistance of emitter-follower 264

      Current mirrors 265

      Basic current mirror accuracy and speed 267

      Example 8.3: Speed of ideal, basic current mirror 268

      Example 8.4: The effect of parasitic inductance on the speed and transient response of a current mirror 268

      Current mirror with emitter degeneration 269

      Current mirror with "beta helper" 271

      Cascode current mirror 274

      Wilson current mirror 274

      Example 8.5: Speed of Wilson current mirror 275

      Widlar current mirror 277

      Example 8.6: Widlar current mirror output current 278

      Example 8.7: Widlar mirror incremental output resistance 278

      Example 8.8: Output "voltage compliance" of current mirrors 279

      Example 8.9: Design example—high-gain amplifier 279

      Example 8.10: Another high-gain amplifier example 282

      Example 8.11: Another high-gain amplifier example (revisited) 288

Chapter 8 problems 293

      Problem 8.1 293

      Problem 8.2 293

      Problem 8.3 294

      Problem 8.4 294

      Problem 8.5 294

Further reading 295

CHAPTER 9 Introduction to Field-Effect Transistors (FETs) and Amplifiers 297

Early history of field-effect transistors 297

Qualitative discussion of the basic signal MOSFET 297

Figuring out the V-I curve of a MOS device 300

MOS small-signal model (low frequency) 304

MOS small-signal model (high frequency) 307

Basic MOS amplifiers 307

      Source follower 308

      Common-source amplifier 309

      Common-gate amplifier 310

      Common-source amplifier with cascode 310

      MOS current mirrors 311

      Example 9.1: MOS amplifier design example 314

      TRY #1: Common-source amplifier 316

      TRY #2: Add output source follower M2 318

      TRY #3: Add cascode transistor M3 322

      Example 9.2: MOS amplifier design example, even more bandwidth 327

      Example 9.3: MOS differential amplifier 328

      Example 9.4: MOSs hunt-peaked amplifier 329

Basic JFETs 329

      Example 9.5: AC-coupled JFET source follower 334

      Example 9.6: JFET common-source amplifier with source degeneration 335

      Example 9.7: JFET common-source amplifier 336

      Example 9.8: JFET shunt-peaked common-source amplifier 336

      Chapter 9 problems 337

      Problem 9.1 337

      Problem 9.2 338

      Problem 9.3 338

Further reading 339

CHAPTER 10 Large-Signal Switching of Bipolar Transistors and MOSFETs 341

Introduction 341

Development of the large-signal switching model for BJTs 341

BJT reverse-active region 343

BJT saturation 344

BJT base-emitter and base-collector depletion capacitances 346

Relationship between the charge control and the hybrid-pi parameters in bipolar transistors 347

Finding depletion capacitances from the datasheet 348

Manufacturers' testing of BJTs 350

Charge control model examples 351

      Example 10.1: Transistor inverter with base current drive 351

      Example 10.2: Effect of depletion capacitances on switching speed 356

      Example 10.3: Transistor inverter with base voltage drive 358

      Example 10.4: Laboratory experiment: 2N3904 inverter 368

      Example 10.5: Speedup capacitor 370

      Example 10.6: Schottky diode clamp 371

      Example 10.7: Laboratory experiment: 2N3904 inverter with 47-pF speedup capacitor 371

      Example 10.8: Non saturating current switch 371

      Example 10.9: Emitter switching 376

Large-signal switching of MOSFETs 377

      Example 10.10: A more practical MOSFET gate driver 381

Chapter 10 problems 381

      Problem 10.1 381

      Problem 10.2 384

      Problem 10.3 384

      Problem 10.4 386

      Problem 10.5 387

Further reading 388

2N2222 NPN transistor datasheet excerpts 390

Si4410DY N-channel MOSFET datasheet excerpts 395

CHAPTER 11 Review of Feedback Systems 399

Introduction and some early history of feedback control 399

Invention of the negative feedback amplifier 400

Control system basics 402

Loop transmission and disturbance rejection 403

      Example 11.1: Distortion rejection 404

Approximate closed-loop gain of a feedback loop 405

Pole locations, damping and relative stability 407

The effects of feedback on relative stability 410

Routh stability criterion (a. k. a. the "Routh test") 413

      Example 11.2: Using the Routh test 404

The phase margin and gain margin tests 416

Relationship between damping ratio and phase margin 417

Phase margin, step response, and frequency response 417

      Example 11.3: Unity-gain amplifier 418

      Example 11.4: Gain of-k amplifier 420

Loop compensation techniques-lead and lag networks 422

Parenthetical comment on some interesting

feedback loops 424

      Example 11.5: Another unity-gain amplifier 426

      Example 11.6: Gain of + 10 amplifier 427

      Example 11.7: Integral control of are active load 431

      Example 11.8: Photodiode amplifier 435

      Example 11.9: The bad effects of a time delay inside a feedback loop 439

      Example 11.10: MOSFET current source 441

      Example 11.11: Electrodynamic Maglev example 445

      Example 11.12: Electromagnetic levitation and stability 449

      Example 11.13: Laboratory experiment—TL 084 unity-gain buffer driving a capacitive load 452

      Example 11.14: Op-amp driving inductor load 455

Chapter 11 problems 459

      Problem 11.1 459

      Problem 11.2 460

      Problem 11.3 460

      Problem 11.4 461

      Problem 11.5 461

      Problem 11.6 462

      Problem 11.7 462

Further reading 462

CHAPTER 12 Basic Operational Amplifier Topologies and a Case Study 465

Basic operational amplifier operation 465

      Example 12.1: Case study: design, analysis and simulation of a discrete op-amp 470

      Differential input stage 471

      Emitter follower buffering and output push-pull stage 472

A brief review of LM741 op-amp schematic 474

Some real-world limitations of op-amps 477

      Voltage offset 477

      Voltage offset drift with temperature 479

      Input bias and input offset current 481

      Differential input resistance 481

      Slew rate 481

      Output resistance and capacitive loading 482

Noise 483

      Example 12.2: Op-amp driving capacitive load 483

      Chapter 12 problems 486

      Problem 12.1 486

      Problem 12.2 486

      Problem 12.3 486

      Problem 12.4 486

Further reading 487

CHAPTER 13 Review of Current Feedback Operation a Amplifiers 489

Conventional voltage-feedback op-amp and the constant "gain-bandwidth product" paradigm 489

Slew-rate limitations in a conventional voltage-feedback 492

op-amp 492

The current-feedback op-amp 493

Absence of slew-rate limit in current-feedback op-amps 497

      Example 13.1: An admittedly very crude current-feedback op-amp discrete design 497

Manufacturer's datasheet information for a current-feedback amplifier 500

A more detailed model and some comments on current-feedback op-amp limitations 501

Chapter 13 problems 504

      Problem 13.1 504

      Problem 13.2 504

      Problem 13.3 504

      Problem 13.4 504

Further reading 504

Appendix: LM6181current-feedbackop-amp 507

CHAPTER 14 Analog Low-Pass Filters 531

Introduction 531

Review of LPF basics 532

Butterworth filter 533

      Example 14.1: Determining Butterworth filter order 535

      Chebyshev type -1 filter 537

      Example 14.2: Comparison of N= 5 Butterworth and N=5, 0. 5dB ripple Chebyshev filters 539

      Group delay of LPFs 543

      Bessel filter 548

Comparison of Butterworth, Chebyshev, and Bessel filters 551

      Chebyshev type -2 filter 554

      Elliptic filter 554

      Comparison of filter responses 557

      Example 14.3: Video signal filtering 558

Filter implementation 558

      RLC ladder 558

      Example 14.4: Design example: fifth-order 1-MHz Chebyshev LPF with a 0. 5-dB passband ripple 562

      Example 14.5: Elliptic filter ladder 563

      All-pass filters 565

      Example 14.6: Design case study: 1-MHzLPF 567

      Example 14.7: An alternate design using the Butterworth filter 572

      Example 14.8: Delay line with LC sections 574

Active LPF implementations 574

      Example 14.9: 40-Hz Sallen-Key with adjustable Q 575

      Example 14.10: Active LPF 575

Some comments on high-pass and band-pass filters 577

      Example 14.11: A 22-kHz band-pass filter 580

      Example 14.12: A 60-Hz band-stop filter 580

      Example 14.13: An N= 4 active all-pass filter with a 175-us time delay 580

Chapter 14 problems 581

      Problem 14.1 581

      Problem 14.2 581

      Problem 14.3 581

      Problem 14.4 582

      Problem 14.5 582

      Problem 14.6 582

      Problem 14.7 582

      Problem 14.8 582

Further reading 583

CHAPTER 15 Passive Components, Prototyping Issues,and a Case Study in PC Board Layout 585

Resistors 585

Comments on surface-mount resistors 588

Comments on resistor types 588

      Example 15.1: Resistance vs. temperature 589

      Comments on the parasitic inductance of wire loops 591

      Example 15.2: Inductance of a wire loop 592

Capacitors 592

Inductors 595

Discussion of some PC board layout issues 597

      Power supply bypassing 598

      Ground planes 600

      PC board trace widths 600

      Approximate inductance of a PC board trace above a ground plane 601

      Example 15.3: PCB inductance at DC and 1MHz 602

Some personal thoughts on prototyping tools 603

      Example 15.4: Design case study一high-speed semiconductor laser diode driver 606

      Driver implementation 607

Chapter 15 problems 614

      Problem 15.1 614

      Problem 15.2 614

      Problem 15.3 614

      Problem 15.4 614

      Problem 15.5 614

      Problem 15.6 615

      Problem 15.7 615

Further reading 615

CHAPTER 16 Noise 617

Thermal (a. k. a. "Johnson" or "White") noise in resistors 617

      Example 16.1: Thermal noise at the terminals of a real-world resistor 620

      How do noise sources add? 622

      Noisy resistors in series or in parallel 622

      What bandwidth do you use when calculating total noise? 623

      Example 16.2: Estimating white noise RMS amplitude from oscilloscope measurements 624

Schottky ("shot") noise 624

1/f ("pink" or "flicker") noise 624

Excess noise in resistors 627

"Popcorn" noise (a. k. a. "burst" noise) 627

Bipolar transistor noise 627

Field-effect transistor noise 629

Op-amp noise model 629

      Example 16.3. Noise calculation in an op-amp circuit 631

Selecting a noise-optimized op-amp 631

      Example 16.4. Op-amp selection example 634

Signal-to-noise ratio 635

      Noise figure 635

      Example 16.5: Noise in cascaded amplifiers 635

      Example 16.6: High gain amplifier using TLO84 635

Things that are not noise 639

Chapter 16 problems 641

      Problem 16.1 641

      Problem 16.2 641

Further reading 642

CHAPTER 17 0ther Useful Design Techniques and Loose Ends 645

Thermal circuits 645

Steady-state model of conductive heat transfer 646

Thermal energy storage 647

Using thermal circuit analogies to determine the static semiconductor junction temperature 650

Mechanical circuit analogies 651

      Mechanical system 652

      Electrical system 652

      Example 17.1: Using mechanical circuit analogies 655

The trans linear principle 657

Input impedance of an infinitely long resistive ladder 659

Transmission lines 101 660

      Finding the input impedance of a finite-length transmission line 661

      Example 17.2: Terminated and unterminated transmission lines 664

      Example 17.3: Transmission line calculation 664

Node equations and Cramer's rule 665

      Example 17.4: Using Cramer's rule to solve simultaneous linear equations 667

Finding natural frequencies of LRC circuits 669

      Example 17.5: Finding natural frequencies and mode shapes using MATLAB 670

Some comments on scaling laws in nature 673

Geometric scaling 674

      Fish/ship speed (Froude's law) 674

      Fruit 675

      Bending moments 676

      Size and heat in bodies (Bergman's law) 676

      Size and jumping (Borelli's law) 676

      Walking speed (Froude's law) 676

      Capacitors 677

      Inductors 677

      Lift force of electromagnet 679

Some personal comments on the use and abuse of SPICE modeling 680

Chapter 17 problems 681

      Problem 17.1 681

      Problem 17.2 682

      Problem 17.3 682

      Problem 17.4 682

      Problem 17.5 682

      Problem 17.6 682

      Problem 17.7 683

      Problem 17.8 683

      Problem 17.9 684

Further reading 685

Appendices 687

Index 693

Dr. Marc Thompson PA\Thompson Consulting, Inc. MA, USA PA\Worcester Polytechnic Institute, MA, USA PA\Dr. Thompson specializes in custom R/D, analysis, and failure investigations into multi-disciplinary electrical, magnetic, electromechanical and electronic systems at Thompson Consulting, Inc. (Harvard MA). PA\The author is also Teaching Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. He teaches graduate-level and undergraduate seminars in analog, power quality, power electronics, electomechanics, electric motors, rotating machinery, and power distribution for high-tech companies. He has taught for University of Wisconsin-Madison, covering classes in electric motors, electromechanical systems, power electronics and magnetic design. PA\From a Next Generation Analog Designer(?) PA\Schematics courtesy of Sophie Madeleine Thompson， May 26， 2013 Harvard， Massachusetts.

中科院文献情报中心