While the sustainability of our world is being endangered or destroyed by the misguided activities of artificial human entities, real people have begun to expand their moral sympathies sufficiently to prioritize protecting our world’s interests. They have developed a new technology―nanotechnology―that has the potential to advance human society toward a period of long-term sustainability, termed "the Sustainocene." This book comprises chapters by experts in various fields of nanotechnology and in related areas of governance under the theme of how nanotechnology can assist in the creation of the Sustainocene. The book will appeal to anyone involved in nanotechnology, macromolecular science, public policy related to sustainability, renewable energy, and climate change.

Foreword—The Hon. Michael Kirby xiii

Preface—Prof. Thomas A. Faunce xxxi

1. Nanotechnology Toward the Sustainocene Thomas A. Faunce1

1.1 Governance Recognition of Our Need for New Energy and Environmental Technologies 2

1.2 Powering Toward the Sustainocene 6

      1.2.1 Philosophic Foundations ofthe Sustainocene 6

      1.2.2 Environmental Sustainability 9

      1.2.3 Governance Transitions for Emerging Technologies and the Sustainocene 11

1.3 Nanotechnology for the Sustainocene 12

1.4 Overview of Chapters 13

1.5 Global Artificial Photosynthesis as Nanotechnology's Moral Culmination 18

2. The Cosmic Context of the Millennium Development Goals: Maximum Entropy and Sustainability Charles H. Lineweaver and MoIIy Townes O’Brien 27

2.1 The Millennium Development Goals: Sustainability vs. the Other Goals 28

2.2 Energy Conservation, Entropy Increase 32

2.3 Plenty of Room at the Bottom 38

2.4 Sustainable Maximum Entropy Production? 41

2.5 Conclusion 44

3. Nanophotonics for Light Trapping Sudha Mokkapati, Fiona]. Beck, jonathan Wilson,Er-Chien Wang, and Kylie R. Catchpole 49

3.1 Introduction 49

3.2 Plasmonic Solar Cells 53

      3.2.1 Localized Surface Plasmons 55

      3.2.2 Designing Optimal Geometry for Light Trapping 57

      3.2.3 Experimental Results 62

3.3 Periodic Dielectric Structures 64

      3.3.1 Gratings for Back Reflectors and Antireflection 65

      3.3.2 Gratings for Light Trapping 67

3.4 Summary 73

4. Growth and Characterization of GaAs Nanowires Qiang Gao, Hannah j. joyce, Hark Hoe Tan, and Chennupatijagadish 81

4.1 Introduction 82

4.2 Nanowire Growth 84

      4.2.1 VLS Mechanism 84

      4.2.2 MOCVD Growth and Principles 86

      4.2.3 Growth Procedure and Characterization Technique 88

4.3 Effects of Growth Temperature 89

4.4 Effects of Growth Rate 92

4.5 Summary 95

5. The Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Titania-Coated Silica Nanowires

Avi Shalav and Robert G.E11iman 103

5.1 Introduction 104

      5.1.1 Applications ofTiOz 104

      5.1.1.1 Solar cells 104

      5.1.1.2 Photolysis (water splitting) 105

      5.1.1.3 Production of reactive oxygen species 105

      5.1.2 Advantages and Limitations of Nanostructured TiO2 106

      5.1.3 The Growth of SiOx Nanowires via Active Oxidation 108

      5.1.4 TiO2—SiOx Hybrid Materials 108

      5.1.5 Synthesis and Structural Properties of Silica—Titania Core-Shell Nanowires 110

      5.1.6 Atomic Layer Deposition 111

      5.1.7 Droplet Coatings 112

      5.1.8 Effect of High-Temperature Annealing 1 14

5.2 Mechanical Properties of Silica—Titania Core-Shell Nanowires 115

5.3 Conclusion 117

6. Global Health and Environmental Implications of Mimicking Biological Ion Channels Using Nanotubes Tamsyn A, Hilder 123

6.1 introduction 123

6.2 Mimicking Biological ion Channels 126

      6.2.1 Water Channels (Aquaporin) 127

      6.2.2 ion-Selective Channels 129

6.3 Global Health and Environmental implications 130

      6.3.1 Positive impacts 131

      6.3.2 Negative impacts 133

6.4 Conclusions and Future Work 135

7. Nanostructured Materials: Implications for Information Technology Dragomir N. Neshev 139

7.1 introduction 139

7.2 Optical Metamateriais 142

      7.2.1 Split-Ring Resonator as an Artificial Meta-Atom 142

      7.2.2 From Split Rings to Fishnet Optical Metamateriais 144

7.3 Nonlinear Metamateriais 146

      7.3.1 Sensitivity of Fishnet Metamateriais 146

      7.3.2 Liquid Crystal—Infiltrated Fishnet Metamateriais 148

      7.3.3 Nonlinear Transmission through LC-lnfiitrated Fishnet Metamateriais 149

7.4 Discussions and Conclusions 153

8. Laser Trapping of Nanoparticle Agglomerates in Air Andrei V, Rode, Vladlen G. Shvedov, CyriI Hnatovsky, and Weislaw Krolikowski 159

8.1 introduction 160

8.2 Nanoparticles and Their Properties 161

      8.2.1 What Makes Nanoparticles So Special? 161

      8.2.2 Health Implications 162

8.3 Laser Trapping ofAirborne Particles 164

      8.3.1 Photophoretic Force 164

      8.3.2 Optical Vortex 167

      8.3.3 Optical Trap with Counterpropagating Vortex Beams 168

      8.3.4 Optical Trapping ofMultiple Particles with a Speckle Field 172

8.4 Long-Range Transport and 3D Manipulation 175

      8.4.1 Optical Pipeline 175

      8.4.2 Full-Scale 3D Manipulation 182

8.5 Future Directions 185

9. The Bhopal Disaster and Peroxide Bombs: Nanoscale Aspects of Oscillatory Thermal Instability Rowena Ball 193

9.1 Introduction 194

9.2 Chemistry and Data 196

      9.2.1 MIC Hydrolysis 196

      9.2.2 TATP Thermal Decomposition 197

9.3 The CSTR Paradigm 198

9.4 Results 200

      9.4.1 Onset of Thermal Runaway in MIC Hydrolysis 200

      9.4.2 Onset ofThermal Runaway in TATP Thermal Decomposition 204

9.5 Discussion 206

      9.5.1 Nanoscale Aspects of Oscillatory Thermal Instability 206

      9.5.2 Opportunities for Nanoscale Thermal Analysis 209

9.6 Conclusions 210

10. Fusion Power and Nanoscience Challenges for Extreme Materials 215

Matthew]. Hole and Cormac S. Corr

10.1 The Basis of Fusion Power 216

10.2 Fusion Fuel Abundance 220

10.3 Magnetic Confinement Fusion 221

10.4 Fusion Materials 224

10.5 Fusion Power Economics 229

10.6 Greenhouse Emission Implications of Fusion Power Deployment 231

10.7 Radioactive Waste from Fusion Power 232

10.8 Health and Safety Implications of Fusion Power 233

10.9 Security and Proliferation issues 235

10.10 Next Step Research and Development 236

10.11 Summary 238

11. Nanotechnology, Plasma, Hydrogen from Artificial Photosynthesis, and Fuel Cells: Powering the Developing World to the Sustainocene Thomas A. Faunce and Christine CharIes 241

11.1 Energy Security and the Developing World 242

11.2 Hydrogen from Solar-Driven Water Splitting 243

11.3 Fuel Cells 246

      11.3.1 introduction to Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 246

      11.3.2 Practical Significance of Nanotechnology and Plasmas 249

11.4 Governance Mechanisms to Promote Fuel Cells 251

11.5 Conclusions and Future Work 253

12. Nanotechnology-Based Artificial Photosynthesis: Food Security and Animal Rights in the Sustainocene Alex Bruce and Thomas A. Faunce 259

12.1 Governing Nanotechnology Toward Sustainability 260

      12.1.1 Threshold Issues with Regulation of Nanotechnology in the Marketplace 260

      12.1.2 Role ofCitizen-Consumers in Nanotechnology Marketing 263

      12.1.3 Existing Governance Strategies to Promote Nanotechnology for

      Sustainability 264

12.2 Competition Law, Nanotechnologies, and Food Security 268

      12.2.1 Competition and Consumer Law in Nanotechnology Regulation? 268

      12.2.2 Citizen-Consumer Sovereignty and Sustainability 273

12.3 Competition Law, Global Artificial Photosynthesis, and Food Security 275

      12.3.1 Food implications of Nanotechnology-Based Artificial Photosynthesis 275

      12.3.2 Governance Obstacles to the Global Deployment ofArtificial Photosynthesis 278

      12.3.3 Competition and Citizen-Consumer Laws Facilitating Global Artificial

      Photosynthesis and Animal Rights 282

12.4 Conclusion 286

13. Toward the Sustainocene with Global Artificial Photosynthesis Thomas A. Faunce, Alex Bruce and Angus M. Donohoo 297

13.1 Artificial Photosynthesis Toward a Sustainocene 299

      13.1.1 Can Humans and the Earth Flourish Forever? 299

      13.1.1.1 A path to the Sustainocene 299

      13.1.2 A Viable Technology: Can Artificial Photosynthesis take us Forward? 300

      13.1.3 Photosynthesis: The Technical Challenge 302

      13.1.4 Hard Realities: lmpediments to Delivering a Viable Technology 304

13.2 A Global Artificial Photosynthesis Project Toward a Sustainocene 307

      13.2.1 A GAP Project 307

      13.2.2 Mere Utopia: Is a GAP-Driven Sustainocene an Impossible Dream? 310

      13.2.3 How a Sustainocene May Evolve from New Ways of Thinking 311

Index 319

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