This book shows a way to integrate biology, fluidics, and optics by means of an opto-fluidics platform capable of quick manipulation and highly sensitive investigation of small quantities of biological or chemical fluids. Merging of technologies is key and program to this book because new devices are only possible with the combination of appropriate technologies. The focus lies on the integration and systems aspect of future micro-and nanosystems on a platform, an enabling, interdisciplinary "meeting point" for biology, photonics and fluidics. As they are suitable for serving all of these fields, the materials of choice discussed here are polymers.
A truly interdisciplinary approach to biochemical and medical sensing involving ingredients from photonics, nanotechnology, and microfluidics

Foreword —— vii

List of abbreviations —— ix

1 Introduction —— 1

2 Materials —— 6

2.1 Modification of polymers by radiation —— 6

      2.1.1 Overview —— 6

      2.1.2 X-Ray —— 7

      2.1.3 lon beam implantation —— 8

      2.1.4 Photolocking —— 14

      2.1.5 DUV radiation —— 15

2.2 Smart materials —— 23

      2.2.1 Shape memory materials —— 24

      2.2.2 Smart fluids —— 25

      2.2.3 Magnetostrictive materials —— 27

      2.2.4 Electro strict ive materials —— 27

      2.2.5 Chromogenic materials —— 28

      2.2.6 Smart polymers —— 30

      2.2.7 Quantum dots(QD) —— 33

      2.2.8 ZnO nanowires —— 34

2.3 Conclusion——34

3 Photonics —— 35

3.1 Wave guiding basics —— 35

3.2 Characterization of optical waveguide-based devices —— 42

3.3 Types of waveguides —— 47

3.4 Types of optical fibers—-50

3.5 Fabrication methods for optical waveguides —— 52

      3.5.1 Lithography —— 53

      3.5.2 Replication —— 54

      3.5.3 Dry and wet etching —— 62

3.6 Planar waveguide-based devices —— 63

      3.6.1 All polymer waveguides —— 63

      3.6.2 Silicon-polymer hybrid waveguides —— 70

3.7 Active photonic devices —— 77

      3.7.1 Light-emitting diodes —— 77

      3.7.2 Detectors —— 79

      3.7.3 lm age sensors —— 87

      3.7.4 Semiconductor lasers —— 90

      3.7.5 Organic LEDs, organic PDs and organic lasers —— 92

3.8 Conclusion —— 104

4 Fluidics and fluid control systems —— 106

4.1 Valve basics —— 106

4.2 Introduction into fluidic mechanics —— 108

4.3 Theory of fluid control elements in systems —— 112

4.4 Introduction into control theory —— 114

      4.4.1 Open-loop and closed-loop control —— 114

      4.4.2 The control loop —— 118

      4.4.3 Adapting the controller to the controlled system —— 136

      4.4.4 Rating and selection of control valves —— 145

4.5 Microvalves —— 155

4.6 Fabrication of fluid icchannels: Bonding——163

4.7 Conclusion —— 165

5 Biology —— 166

5.1 Cell types —— 167

      5.1.1 Helix aspers a cultures —— 167

      5.1.2 Primary rat central nervous system cultures —— 168

5.2 Patterning of living cells —— 170

      5.2.1 Fibroblast patterning by DUV lithography —— 171

      5.2.2 Neural cell patterning by DUV lithography —— 172

      5.2.3 Micro contact printing (μCP) —— 178

      5.2.4 Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) printing —— 181

5.3 Conclusion —— 183

6 Sensors for Optofluidic systems —— 184

6.1 Process analytical sensors —— 184

      6.1.1 Temperature sensors —— 185

      6.1.2 Pressure sensors —— 189

      6.1.3 Flow sensors —— 190

      6.1.4 Level sensors —— 194

      6.1.5 Conductivity sensors —— 197

      6.1.6 pH Sensors —— 199

      6.1.7 Oxydo-reduction potential(ORP) sensors —— 199

      6.1.8 Oxygen sensors —— 199

6.2 Spectroscopy —— 202

      6.2.1 Introduction —— 202

      6.2.2 Diffraction gratings —— 203

      6.2.3 Miniature spectrometers —— 203

      6.2.4 MEMS-based spectrometers —— 208

      6.2.5 UV-VIS spectroscopy —— 214

      6.2.6 Infrared spectroscopy —— 223

      6.2.7 Raman spectroscopy —— 224

6.3 Chemometrics —— 225

6.4 Conclusion —— 232

7 Optofluidic system technology —— 233

7.1 Bus technologies for Optofluidic systems —— 234

7.2 Optofluidic systems —— 240

7.3 Conclusion —— 261

8 Outlook —— 263

9 Glossary of Optofluidics terms and definitions —— 264

10 Chemical resistance properties of materials —— 284

International standards and regulations —— 313

Bibliography —— 326

Index —— 339

Dr. Dominik G. Rabus has a track record of accomplish-ments in research and industrially oriented projects related to photonics, fluidics, and biology. He is the recipient of the Feodor Lynen Fellowship awarded by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in 2006.

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