Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in Society provides analyses of environmentally related catastrophes within society in historical, political and economic contexts. Personal and corporate culture mediates how people may become more vulnerable or resilient to hazard exposure. Societies that strengthen themselves, or are strengthened, mitigate decline and resultant further exposure to what are largely human induced risks of environmental, social and economic degradation. This book outlines why it is important to explore in more depth the relationships between environmental hazards, risk and disasters in society. It presents challenges presented by mainstream and non-mainstream approaches to the human side of disaster studies. By hazard categories this book includes critical processes and outcomes that significantly disrupt human wellbeing over brief or long time-frames. Whilst hazards, risks and disasters impact society, individuals, groups, institutions and organisations offset the effects by becoming strong, healthy, resilient, caring and creative. Innovations can arise from social organisation in times of crisis. This volume includes much of use to practitioners and policy makers needing to address both prevention and response activities. Notably, as people better engage prevalent hazards and risks they exercise a process that has become known as disaster risk reduction (DRR). In a context of climatic risks this is also indicative of climate change adaptation (CCA). Ultimately it represents the quest for development of sustainable environmental and societal futures. Throughout the book cases studies are derived from the world of hazards risks and disasters in society.

Contributors xiii

Editorial Foreword xv

1.Introduction: Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in Society Andrew E. Collins, Bernard Manyena, Janaka Jayawickrama and Samantha Jones

1.1 Opening 1

1.2 Critical Processes and Outcomes of Hazards, Risks,and Disasters in Society 4

1.3 Components of This Book 9

1.4 Summary 9

References 13

Section l

Perspectives on People-Centred Prevention and Response to Natural Hazard

2.Against the Drive for Institutionalization:Two Decades of Disaster Volunteers in Japan Tomohide Atsumi

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Action Research: An Example 26

2.3 General Discussion and Conclusions31

References 32

3.Disastrous Disasters: A Polemic on Capitalism, Climate Change, and Humanitarianism

Phil O'Keefe, Geoff O'Brien and Janaka Jayawickrama

3.1 Thesis 1: With the Rise of Capitalism, We have Gone from the Husbandry of Nature to the Production of Nature: That Change in Relationship to Nature Produces New Risks 34

3.2 Thesis 2: The Unmet Challenge of Climate Change 35

3.3 Thesis 3: Humanitarian Assistance Is a Core Tool of Western Countries' Foreign Policy 37

3.4 Thesis 4: The Growth Industry of Humanitarianism and Accountability 38

3.5 Thesis 5: Current Humanitarian Aid Is Dominated by a Growth in Local Wars 40

3.6 Thesis 6: The NGOs as an Oligopoly 41

3.7 Thesis 7: A Mistaken Belief Exists that First Responders,Be They Either Emergency Services or Humanitarian Agencies, Promote Community Well-being 42

3.8 Toward a Conclusion 42

References 43

4.Disaster Risk Governance: Evolution and Influences Samantha Jones, Bernard Manyena and Sara Walsh

4.1 Introduction 45

4.2 Evolution of Disaster Risk Governance 46

4.3 Upward Disaster Risk Governance 47

4.4 Outward Disaster Risk Governance: Mainstreaming 50

4.5 Downward Disaster Risk Governance: Decentralization 53

4.6 Conclusions 57

References 58

5.Developing Sustainable Capacity for Disaster Risk Reduction in Southern Africa Per Becker and Dewald van Niekerk

5.1 Introduction 64

5.2 Setting the Context 65

5.3 Challenges for Effective Disaster Risk Reduction in Southern Africa 67

5.4 Addressing Capacity Development in Southern Africa 69

5.5 Conclusion 74

References 75

6.Understanding Rights-Based Approach in Disasters: A Case for Affirming Human Dignity Supriya Akerkar and John Devavaram

6.1 Introduction 79

6.2 Disasters, Vulnerability, and Rights: Forging Connections between Subaltern Agency and Dignified Recovery 80

6.3 Rights-Based Approach in Disasters: The Need to Incorporate the ldea of"Subaltern" in Rights-Based Practice 83

6.4Subaltern Agency and Women Widowed in the Tsunami of December 2003 in India 86

6.5Understanding the Rights-Based Approach in Disasters: Some Learnings 95

References 96

7.Reactive to Proactive to Reflective Disaster Responses:Introducing Critical Reflective Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction Nibedita S. Ray-Bennett, Anthony Masys, Hideyuki Shiroshita and Peter Jackson

7.1 Introduction to"Natural"and Naturally Triggered Technical Disasters and Their Impact Worldwide 99

7.2 The Perspective of"Reflective Response"in an Interconnected World 103

7.3 Methodology and Methods to Promote Reflective Response 106

7.4 The Usefulness of Reflective Response in DRR 108

7.5 Conclusion: A Charter from Reflective Responses 110

References 114

Section Il

Hazards in Social, Technological and Political-Economic Change

8. Vulnerability, Coping and Loss and Damage from Climate Events Kees van der Geest and Koko Warner

8.1 Introduction 122

8.2 Methods 126

8.3 Descriptive Case Study Findings 130

8.4 Vulnerability 131

8.5 Impact of Climate Events 133

8.6 Coping Strategies 134

8.7 Loss and Damage 135

8.8 Conclusions 139

Appendix: Thresholds for Vulnerability Indicators 139

References 142

9.Flood Shelters in Bangladesh: Some Issues From the User's Perspective M.Aminur Rahman,Fuad H. Mallick, M. Shahjahan Mondal and Mohammad Rezaur Rahman

9.1 Introduction 145

9.2 Flood Shelters Typology in Bangladesh 147

9.3 Approach and Methodology 148

9.4 Findings and Analysis on the Selected Issues 149

9.5 Conclusions 157

References 158

10.Cyber-Security Hazards in Societ Maitland Hyslop

10.1 Introduction 161

10.2 The Lessons of History: Peelers and Armies, Enigma 162

10.3What We Know, What We Know We Do Not Know,What We Do Not Know 162

10.4Definition of Terms—Cyber-Security, Hazards, and Society 162

10.5Political Thought since the Greeks 163

10.6Physical versus Virtual Society (versus Spiritual) 164

10.7Backdrop 165

10.8The Life Hazard 166

10.9The Political Hazard 166

10.10The Military Hazard 168

10.11The Organizational Hazard 169

10.12The Hazard to Critical Infrastructure 170

10.13 The Economy Hazard 171

10.14 The Social Group Hazard 172

10.15 The Technology Hazard 173

10.16 The Environmental Hazard 173

10.17 The Legal Hazard 174

10.18 The Criminal Hazard 175

10.19 The Moral Hazard 176

10.20 Summary 176

10.21 Conclusion 176

References 176

11.Natural Disasters and Violent Conflicts Elisabeth King and John C.Mutter

11.1 Introduction 181

11.2 Conclusion 193

Further readings 194

12. Everyday Practices and Symbolic Forms of Resistance: Adapting to Environmental Change in Coastal Louisiana Julie Koppel Maldonado

12.1 Methodology 201

12.2 Layered Disasters 201

12.3 The Impacts of Rapid Environmental Change 203

12.4 The Social, Political, and Economic Context of Environmental Change 205

12.5 The Politics of Coastal Restoration 206

12.6 Resistance and Adaptation 207

12.7 "Restoration"Instead of"Relocation" 212

12.8 Conclusion 213

References 214

13.Political Responses to Emergencies David Alexander

13.1Introduction 217

13.2The Political Context of Disasters 218

13.3Centrism and Devolution 218

13.4Dictatorship, Democracy, and Disasters 220

13.5Disasters, Politics, and Ethics 221

13.6Corruption and Disasters 222

13.7Forgiveness Money 224

13.8The Politics of"Bounce Forward"in Disaster Risk Reduction 225

13.9The Global Politics of Disaster 226

13.10 Conclusions 227

References 229

Double Disaster: Disaster through a Gender Lens Sarah Bradshaw and Maureen Fordham

14.1 Introduction 233

14.2 Why Should Disasters Be Understood as Gendered Events? 234

14.3 Evidence for a Gendered Impact of Natural Hazards 236

14.4 The Double Impact of Disasters on Women and Girls 237

14.5 Gendered Capacities: Including Women and Girls in DRR 244

14.6 "Engendering" Policy Initiativies 245

14.7 Concluding Comments 246

References 247

Section lIl

Cross-Disciplinary and Non-Mainstream Futures of Dealing with Hazards, Risks and Disasters in Society

15.Disaster Risk Reduction in the Shadow of the Law Michael Eburn

15.1 International Law 257

15.2Domestic Law 259

15.3The Common Law 261

15.4Discussion 266

15.5Conclusion 268

References 269

Legislation 270

16. Self-Care in Bangladesh: Local Level Resilienceand Risk Reduction Ross Edgeworth

16.1 Introduction 273

16.2 Self-Care: Definitions and Theoretical Perspectives 274

16.3 Research Context and Methods 276

16.4 The Prevalence of Self-Care at the Local Level 277

16.5 The Value of Local Knowledge and Local Practice 277

16.6 Empowerment and Dignity 280

16.7 Self-Care as a Low-Cost, Manifold Strategy 281

16.8 Coping with Environmental Hazards through Self-Care 283

16.9 Conclusion285

References 285

17.Culture: The Crucial Factor in Hazard, Risk, and Disaster Recovery: The Anthropological Perspective Susanna M. Hoffman

17.1 Introduction 289

17.2 Some Essential Ways in which Culture Matters 291

17.3 Other Underlying Cultural Factors and Their Impact 295

17.4 The Two Levels of Culture and Some Cultural Universals 303

References 304

18. Risk, Resilience,and Readiness: Developing an All-Hazards Perspective Douglas Paton

18.1 Introduction 307

18.2 Conceptualizing Readiness 310

18.3 Accounting for Differences in Readiness 313

18.4 Individual Predictors 315

18.5 Family and Community Predictors 317

18.6 Conclusion 318

References 320

19.Interpretative Frameworks of Disaster in Society Close-up Ryo Morimoto

19.1 Introduction: (Re)presenting a Disaster 324

19.2 Base Layer: The Background of the Nuclear Disaster 326

19.3 Spatiotemporal Layer: Drawing the Distances of the Nuclear Disaster 331

19.4 Scientific Layer: Visualizing the Arbitrary Breadths of the Nuclear Disaster 332

9.5 Sociopolitical Layer: Circulating Rumors and Encircling the Invisible Threat 335

9.6 Territorial Palimpsest: Minamisoma Closed-Up 342

19.7 Conclusion: Signs of Maps and Signs in Maps: Semiotic Reterritorialization 347

References 349

20. Therapeutic Communities in the Context of Disaster Brenda D. Phillips

20.1 Defining the"Therapeutic Community" 354

20.2 Conditions under which the Therapeutic Community Arises in Disasters 358

20.3 Consequences of the Therapeutic Community 361

20.4 Practical Implications 364

20.5 Research Recommendations 366

References 367

21. View of Abrahamic Religions on Natural Disaster Risk Reduction Mohsen Ghafory-Ashtiany

21.1 Introduction 373

21.2 Key Elements of Disaster Risk Reduction 376

21.3 Key Concepts in Abrahamic Belief 382

21.4The Qur'anic View of Earthquakes 387

21.5Correlation between God's Guidance and Risk-Reduction Principles 389

21.6 Noah's Ark: A Clear Example of How to be Safe in Disaster 389

21.7 Conclusion 389

References 390

22.Conclusion: Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in Society Andrew E.Collins,JanakaJayawickrama, Samantha Jones and Bernard Manyena

22.1 More on the Approach 391

22.2 Need for a New Discourse 393

22.3 Further Summative Outflow of This Volume 393

22.4 Improved Dealing with Hazards, Risks, and Disasters in Society 395

References 396

Index 397

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