书名：Explorations
责任者：Thomas T. Arny | professor emeritus | Department of Astronomy | University of Massachusetts | Amherst | Stephen E. Schneider | professor of astronomy | University of Massachusetts | Amherst.
出版时间：2017
出版社：McGraw-Hill Education,
分类号：天文学、地球科学
版次：Eighth edition.
页数：xxvi, 516, [ 40 ] pages
摘要
The eighth edition of Explorations: An Introduction to Astronomy shares with students a sense of wonder about the universe and the dynamic, ever-changing science of astronomy. The text is approachable and uses analogies and examples from the world around us to help students understand more complex content. New to this eighth edition is an updated, visually exciting art package that enhances student learning with clear, accurate representations that reflect the most current data in the field. Print student edition textbook.
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目录
Looking Up Illustrations ii
#1: Northern Circumpolar Constellations ii
#2: Ursa Major iii
#3: M31 & Perseus iv
#4: Summer Triangle v
#5: Taurus vi
#6: Orion vii
#7: Sagittarius viii
#8: Centaurus and Crux, The Southern Cross ix
#9: Southern Circumpolar Constellations ×
Preface xxiii
PREVIEW
The Cosmic Landscape 1
The Earth, Our Home 1
The Moon 2
The Planets 2
The Sun 3
The Solar System 4
Astronomical Sizes 5
Astronomy by the Numbers: The Size of a Light-Year 5
The Milky Way 6
Galaxy Clusters and the Universe 7
Forces and Matter 8
The Still-Unknown Universe 9
The Scientific Method 9
CHAPTER 1 The Cycles of the Sky 14
1.1 The Celestial Sphere 15
Constellations 16
Daily Motions of the Sun and Stars 17
Annual Motion of the Sun 18
The Ecliptic and the Zodiac 19
Extending Our Reach: Are You an Ophiuchan? 20
1.2 The Seasons 20
Solstices, Equinoxes, and the Ecliptic's Tilt 22
Tracking the Sun's Changing Position 22
Astronomy by the Numbers: The Angle of the Sun at Noon 24
1.3 The Moon 26
Astronomy by the Numbers: Estimating When the Moon Will Rise 27
Extending Our Reach: Observing the Moon 28
1.4 Eclipses 29
Appearance of Eclipses 29
Rarity of Eclipses 32
Precession of the Moon's Orbit 33
CHAPTER 2 The Rise of Astronomy 36
2.1 Early ldeas of the Heavens: Classical Astronomy 37
The Shape of the Earth 37
Distances and Sizes of the Sun and Moon 38
Extending Our Reach: The Moon Illusion 40
Arguments for an Earth-Centered Universe 40
The Size of the Earth 41
Astronomy by the Numbers: The Diameter-Distance Relation of Astronomical Objects 43
2.2 The Planets 44
Explaining the Motion of the Planets 46
Ptolemy 46
Islamic Astronomy 47
Asian Astronomy 47
2.3 Astronomy in the Renaissance 48
Nicolaus Copernicus 48
Astronomy by the Numbers: How Copernicus Calculated the Distances to the Planets 50
Tycho Brahe 50
Johannes Kepler 51
Astronomy by the Numbers: Using Kepler's Third Law for Orbit Calculations 53
2.4 The Birth of Astrophysics 54
Calileo Galilei 54
lsaac Newton 56
Extending Our Reach: Astronomy and Astrology 56
New Discoveries 57
New Technologies 57
ESSAY 1 Backyard Astronomy 60
Learning the Constellations 60
Celestial Mapping 62
Planetary Configurations 64
Your Eyes at Night 65
Imaging the Sky 66
Small Telescopes 67
CHAPTER 3 Gravity and Motion 70
3.1 Inertia 71
3.2 Orbital Motion and Gravity 73
3.3 Newton's Second Law of Motion 74
Acceleration 74
Mass 75
3.4 Newton's Third Law of Motion 76
3.5 The Law of Gravity 77
3.6 Measuring an Object's Mass Using Orbital Motion 79
Astronomy by the Numbers: Weighing the Sun 80
3.7 Surface Gravity 81
Astronomy by the Numbers: The Surface Gravity of the Earth and Moon 81
3.8 Escape Velocity 82
Astronomy by the Numbers: The Escape Velocity from the Moon 83
CHAPTER 4 Light and Atoms 86
4.1 Properties of Light 87
The Nature of Light - Waves or Particles? 88
Light and Color 89
Characterizing Electromagnetic Waves by Their Frequency 90
Astronomy by the Numbers: Wavelength and Frequency 90
White Light 91
4.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum: Beyond Visible Light 92
Infrared Radiation 93
Ultraviolet Light 93
Radio Waves and Microwaves 94
X Rays and Camma Rays 94
Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Radiation 94
4.3 The Nature of Matter and Heat 95
The Kelvin Temperature Scale 96
Temperature and Radiation 96
Astronomy by the Numbers: Taking the Temperature of the Sun 97
4.4 Radiation from Individual Atoms 98
The Chemical Elements 99
Electron Orbitals 99
The Generation of Light by Atoms 101
4.5 Formation of a Spectrum 102
How a Spectrum Is Formed 103
ldentifying Atoms by Their Light 104
Types of Spectra 106
Astronomical Spectra 107
Absorption in the Atmosphere 108
Extending Our Reach: Observing the Crab Nebula at Many Wavelengths 109
4.6 The Doppler Shift: Detecting Motion 110
ESSAY 2 Special and General Relativity 114
Rest Frames 114
The Speed of Light from Moving Objects 115
The Michelson-Morley Experiment 115
Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity 116
Special Relativity and Space Travel 117
The Twin Paradox 118
Rethinking Gravity 119
General Relativity 120
Astronomy by the Numbers: A Lorentz Factor of a Million 120
CHAPTER 5 Telescopes 122
5.1 Telescope Fundamentals 123
Light-Gathering Power 124
Astronomy by the Numbers: Light-Cathering Power of a Telescope 124
Focusing the Light 125
Extending Our Reach: Refraction 126
5.2 Resolving Power 129
Astronomy by the Numbers: Resolving Power of a Telescope 130
Interferometers 130
5.3 Detecting Light 131
Visible Light 131
Detecting Other Wavelengths 132
5.4 Observatories on the Ground and in Space 134
Extending Our Reach: Exploring New Wavelengths: Camma Roys 137
Going Observing 138
5.5 Challenges and New Directions in Ground- Based Observing 139
Atmospheric Blurring 139
Extending Our Reach: Distortion of the Sun's Shape 140
Light Pollution 141
CHAPTER 6 The Earth 144
6.1 The Earth as a Planet 145
Shape and Size of the Earth 145
Composition of the Earth 146
Density of the Earth 147
Astronomy by the Numbers: Determining the Internal Composition of the Earth 147
6.2 The Earth's Interior 148
Probing the Interior with Earthquake Waves 148
Heating and Differentiation of the Earth's Core 150
6.3 The Age of the Earth 151
6.4 Motions in the Earth's Interior 152
Convection in the Earth's Interior 152
Plate Tectonics 153
6.5 The Earth's Magnetic Field 156
Extending Our Reach: Measuring Reversals of the Eorth's Magnetic Field 157
Origin of the Earth's Magnetic Field 157
Magnetic Effects on Cosmic Particles 158
6.6 The Earth's Atmosphere 159
Structure of the Atmosphere 159
Composition of the Atmosphere 160
The Greenhouse Effect 160
The Ozone Layer 162
Origin of the Atmosphere 162
6.7 The Spin of the Earth 164
Air and Ocean Circulation: The Coriolis Effect 164
Precession 166
ESSAY 3 Keeping Time 170
The Day 170
Hours of Daylight 172
Time Zones 173
Universal Time 173
Daylight Saving Time 173
The Week 174
Light Pollution 141
The Month and Lunar Calendars 174
The Mayan Calendar 174
The Common Calendar 175
Leap Year 175
Moon Lore 176
The Abbreviations A.M., P.M., B.C., A.D., B.C.E., and C.E. 176
CHAPTER 7 The Moon 178
7.1 The Surface of the Moon 179
Surface Features 179
Origin of Lunar Surface Features 181
Astronomy by the Numbers: The Limits of Telescopic Observations of the Moon 182
7.2 Structure of the Moon 184
Crust and Interior 184
The Absence of a Lunar Atmosphere 185
Extending Our Reach: Is the Moon Completely Dead? 186
7.3 Orbit and Motions of the Moon 186
The Moons Rotation 187
Oddities of the Moon's Orbit 187
7.4 Origin and History of the Moon 188
Extending Our Reach: The Moon Landing "Hoax" 188
7.5 Tides 190
Cause of Tides 190
Solar Tides 192
Tidal Braking 192
Astronomy by the Numbers: The Distance of the Moon in the Past 193
CHAPTER 8 Survey of Solar Systems 196
8.1 Components of the Solar System 197
The Sun 197
The Planets 198
Asteroids and Comets 199
The Orbits and Spins of the Planets 200
Astronomy by the Numbers: Bode's Rule: The Search for Order 201
Composition Differences Between the Inner and Outer Planets 202
Age of the Solar System 204
8.2 Other Planetary Systems 205
The Discovery of Planets Beyond the Solar System 205
Transiting Exoplanets 208
Composition of Exoplanets 210
8.3 Formation of Planetary Systems 211
Interstellar Clouds 212
Condensation in the Solar Nebula 213
Accretion and Planetesimals 214
Formation of the Planets 214
Extending Our Reach: Direct Formation of Gas Giants 215
Final Stages of Planet Formation 216
Formation of Atmospheres 217
Formation of Satellite Systems 218
Cleaning Up the Solar System 218
Migrating Planets and the Late Heavy Bombardment 218
CHAPTER 9 The Terrestrial Planets 222
9.1 Mercury 223
The Surface of Mercury 224
Mercury's Temperature and Atmosphere 226
Mercury's Interior 227
Mercury's Rotation 228
9.2 Venus 229
The Venusian Atmosphere 229
The Runaway Creenhouse Effect 230
The Surface of Venus 230
The Interior of Venus 233
Rotation of Venus 233
9.3 Mars 234
The Surface of Mars 234
Water on Mars 237
Extending Our Reach: Analyzing Martian Geology 239
The Martian Atmosphere 241
The Martian Interior 243
Search for Order 201
The Martian Moons 243
Life on Mars? 244
9.4 Why Are the Terrestrial Planets So Different? 245
Role of Mass and Radius 245
Role of Internal Activity 246
Role of Sunlight 246
Role of Water Content 247
Role of Biological Processes 248
CHAPTER 10 The Outer Planets 252
10.1 Jupiter 253
Jupiter's Outer Atmosphere 254
Jupiter's Interior 254
Circulation of Jupiter's Atmosphere 255
Jupiter's Rings 257
Jupiter's Moons 258
10.2 Saturn 261
Saturn's Appearance and Structure 261
Saturn's Rings 262
Origin of Planetary Rings 264
The Roche Limit 264
Saturn's Moons 265
10.3 Uranus 268
Uranus's Structure 268
Uranus's Odd Tilt 269
Uranus's Rings and Moons 270
10.4 Neptune 271
Neptune's Structure and Atmosphere 271
Neptune's Rings and Moons 272
CHAPTER 11 Small Bodies Orbiting the Sun 276
11.1 Meteors, Meteoroids, and Meteorites 277
Heating of Meteoroids 277
Types of Meteorites 278
11.2 Asteroids 280
Size and Shape 280
Composition 282
Origin of Asteroids 282
Asteroid Orbits 282
11.3 Pluto, Plutoids, and Beyond 284
Pluto 284
Astronomy by the Numbers: Pluto's Escape Velocity 285
The Plutoids 285
11.4 Comets 287
The Appearance and Structure of Comets 287
Formation of the Comet's Tails 288
Astronomy by the Numbers: Calculating Comet Halley's Orbit 290
Composition of Comets 290
Origin of Comets 292
Short-Period Comets and the Kuiper Belt 293
Fate of Short-Period Comets 293
Meteor Showers 294
11.5 Giant Impacts 295
Meteor Impacts on Earth 295
Astronomy by the Numbers: The Energy of Impacts 296
Science at Work: Chost Craters, or NoTelltale Fragments 297
Mass Extinction and Asteroid/Comet Impacts 298
CHAPTER 12 The Sun, Our Star 302
12.1 Size and Structure 303
Measuring the Sun's Properties 303
The Solar Interior 304
Energy Flow in the Sun 305
The Solar Atmosphere 306
12.2 How the Sun Works 307
Internal Balance (Hydrostatic Equilibrium) 307
Powering the Sun 308
Nuclear Fusion 309
The Proton-Proton Chain 310
Astronomy by the Numbers: The Mass Lost in Hydrogen-to-Helium Fusion 311
12.3 Probing the Sun's Core 311
Solar Neutrinos 311
Science at Work: Solving the Solar Neutrino Puzzle 313
Solar Seismology 313
12.4 Solar Magnetic Activity 313
Solar Magnetic Fields 314
Sunspots, Prominences, and Flares 314
Extending Our Reach: Detecting Magnetic Fields: The Zeeman Effect 315
Heating of the Chromosphere and Corona 317
The Solar Wind 317
12.5 The Solar Cycle 318
Cause of the Solar Cycle 318
Changes in the Solar Cycle 319
Links Between the Solar Cycle and Terrestrial Climate 320
CHAPTER 13 Measuring the Properties of Stars 324
13.1 Measuring a Star's Distance 325
Measuring Distance by Triangulation and Parallax 326
Astronomy by the Numbers: Deriving the Parallax Formula 328
13.2 The Luminosities of Stars 329
Luminosity 329
The Inverse-Square Law and Measuring a Star's Luminosity 329
Finding a Star's Distance by the Method of Standard Candles 330
Astronomy by the Numbers: Finding the Distance of a Distant Starfrom a Nearby Star 331
The Magnitude System 331
13.3 Determining the Temperatures and Radii of Stars 333
Temperature 333
Astronomy by the Numbers: The Surface Temperatures of Rigel and Betelgeuse 334
Radius 334
The Stefan-Boltzmann Law 334
Direct Measurements of Radius 335
Astronomy by the Numbers: Finding the Radius of the Star Sirius 336
13.4 Spectra of Stars 337
Measuring a Star's Composition 338
How Temperature Affects a Star's Spectrum 338
Classification of Stellar Spectra 339
Science at Work: New Spectral Types 340
Definition of the Spectral Types 340
Measuring a Star's Motion 342
Astronomy by the Numbers: Calculating a Star's Radial Velocity 343
13.5 Binary Stars 344
Visual and Spectroscopic Binaries 344
Measuring Stellar Masses with Binary Stars 345
Eclipsing Binary Stars 346
Astronomy by the Numbers: The Combined Mass of Alpha Centauri 347
13.6 The H-R Diagram 347
Constructing the H-R Diagram 348
Interpreting the H-R Diagram 348
Giants and Dwarfs 349
Luminosity Classes 349
The Mass-Luminosity Relation 350
Astronomy by the Numbers: Calculating Stellar Properties 352
CHAPTER 14 Stellar Evolution 356
14.1 Overview of Stellar Evolution 357
The Importance of Gravity 358
The Life Story of the Sun-A Low-Mass Star 359
The Life Story of a High-Mass Star 360
Stellar Recycling 361
14.2 Star Formation 362
Interstellar Gas Clouds 362
Protostars 363
Bipolar Flows from Young Stars 364
Stellar Mass Limits 365
14.3 Main-Sequence Stars 366
Structure of High-Mass and Low-Mass Stars 366
Main-Sequence Lifetime of a Star 366
Astronomy by the Numbers: The Lifetime of the Sun 367
14.4 Giant Stars 368
Leaving the Main Sequence 368
Nuclear Fuels Heavier Than Hydrogen 369
Degeneracy in Low-Mass Stars 370
14.5 Yellow Giants and Pulsating Stars 370
Variable Stars 370
The Period-Luminosity Relation 372
14.6 Death of Stars Like the Sun 373
Ejection of a Low-Mass Star's Outer Layers 373
The Planetary Nebula Stage 374
The Fates of Other Low-Mass Stars 376
14.7 Old Age of Massive Stars 376
Formation of Heavy Elements: Nucleosynthesis 376
Core Collapse of Massive Stars 377
Supernova Explosions 378
Supernova Remnants 379
14.8 History of Stellar Evolution Theories 380
The Development of Astrophysical Models of Stars 380
Testing Stellar Evolution Theory 380
Extending Our Reach: Measuring the Age of a Star Cluster 381
CHAPTER 15 Stellar Remnants: White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes 386
15.1 White Dwarfs 387
General Properties, Origin, and Fate 387
Structure of White Dwarfs 388
Degeneracy and the Chandrasekhar Limit 389
White Dwarfs in Binary Systems: Novas and Type la Supernovas 390
15.2 Neutron Stars 392
General Properties and Origin 392
Pulsars and the Discovery of Neutron Stars 392
Astronomy by the Numbers: Rotation Rate of a Shrunken Star 394
Emission from Neutron Stars 395
Structure of Neutron Stars 396
Neutron Stars in Binary Systems 396
X Ray Binary Stars 397
Gravitational Waves from Binary Neutron Stars 398
15.3 Black Holes 399
Astronomy by the Numbers: The Schwarzschild Radius of a 1-Solar-Mass Black Hole 400
The Nature of Space Around Black Holes 400
The Formation and Observation of Black Holes 402
Hawking Radiation 404
CHAPTER 16 The Milky Way Galaxy 408
16.1 Overview of the Milky Way 409
Shape of the Milky Way 409
Size of the Milky Way 410
Structure of the Milky Way 412
Composition and Mass of the Milky Way 414
Age of the Milky Way 414
16.2 Stars of the Milky Way 416
Stellar Censuses 416
Two Stellar Populations: Population I and Population II 416
Star Clusters 418
16.3 Gas and Dust in the Milky Way 420
Distribution and Composition of Interstellar Matter 420
Interstellar Dust: Dimming and Reddening 421
Interstellar Gas 423
Cold Interstellar Gas 424
Extending Our Reach: Mapping the Milky Way with Radio Waves 425
16.4 Motion of Stars and Gas in the Milky Way 426
16.5 Measuring the Milky Way 428
Diameter of the Milky Way 428
Mass of the Milky Way 428
Astronomy by the Numbers: Measuring the Mass of the Milky Way 430
16.6 The Calactic Center 431
Astronomy bythe Numbers: The Mass of the Milky Way's Central Black Hole 432
16.7 Evolution of the Milky Way 433
Birth of Population l and II Stars 433
Evolution by Mergers 435
Population III 435
The Future of the Milky Way 436
CHAPTER 17 Galaxies 440
17.1 Discovering Galaxies 441
Early Observations of Galaxies 441
Types of Galaxies 443
17.2 The Distances of Galaxies and Hubble's Law 446
Galaxy Distances 446
Astronomy by the Numbers: Measuring the Distance of a Galaxy Using Cepheid Variables 447
Astronomy by the Numbers: Measuring the Diameter of a Calaxy 448
The Redshift and Hubble's Law 448
Limitations of Hubble's Law 450
Astronomy by the Numbers: Finding a Calaxy's Distance from Its Redshift 450
17.3 Calaxy Interactions and Evolution 451
Differences in the Stellar and Gas Content of Galaxies 452
The Evolution of Galaxies: Collisions and Mergers 453
17.4 Active Galaxies 457
The Discovery of Nuclear Activity 457
Quasars 458
Extending Our Reach: Estimating the Diameter of Astronomical Objects by Using Their Light Variobility 459
A Unified Model of Active Galaxies 460
Science at Work: Superluminal Jets 461
Probing Intergalactic Space with Quasar Absorption Lines 463
17.5 Galaxy Clusters 464
The Local Croup 464
The Relationship of Cluster Size and Galaxy Type 465
Superclusters 466
17.6 Dark Matter 468
Measuring the Mass of a Galaxy 468
Dark Matter in Galaxy Haloes 468
The MACHO Hypothesis 470
Dark Matter in Galaxy Clusters: The Case for WIMPs 471
Science at Work: An Alternative to Dark Matter? 472
CHAPTER 18 Cosmology 476
18.1 Observations of the Universe 477
Distribution of Galaxies 477
Are We at the Center of the Universe? 478
Expansion of the Universe 479
Age of the Universe 480
Astronomy by the Numbers: Estimating the Age of the Universe 481
18.2 Looking Back Toward the Beginning of Time 482
Olbers' Paradox 482
The Cosmic Horizon 483
The Cosmic Microwave Background 484
The Formation of Galaxies 485
18.3 The Origin of the Universe 487
The Origins of the Elements 488
The Early Universe: Radiation, Matter, and Antimatter 489
18.4 The Curvature of the Universe 490
18.5 The Inflationary Universe 492
Inflation 492
Extending Our Reach: Other Universes? 494
The Flatness Problem 494
The Horizon Problem 495
18.6 Dark Energy and the Fate of the Universe 496
The Future Expansion of the Universe 496
The Density of the Universe 497
The Acceleration of the Universe 498
The Future of the Universe 500
ESSAY 4 Life in the Universe 504
Life on Earth 504
The Unity of Living Beings 506
Deductions from the Unity of Life and the Time Line 507
The Origin of Life 507
Origin of Complex Organisms 509
Life Elsewhere in the Universe 509
Searching for Life Elsewhere 509
Panspermia 510
Are We Alone? 510
Arguments for Many Worlds 510
Arguments That We Are Alone 512
Radio Searches 512
Life and the Transformation of Planets 513
The Anthropic Principle 514
Answers to Test Yourself 516
Appendix
Scientific Notation A-1
Metric Prefixes A-1
Solving Distance, Velocity, Time (d, V, t) Problems A-2
Some Useful Formulas A-2
Table A.1 Physical and Astronomical Constants A-3
Table A.2 Conversion Between American and Metric Units A-3
Table A.3 Physical Properties of the Planets A-4
Table A.4 Orbital Properties of the Planets A-4
Table A.5 Larger Satellites of the Planets and Dwarf Planets A-5
Table A.6 Meteor Showers A-8
Table A.7 The Brightest Stars A-9
Table A.8 The Nearest Stars A-10
Table A.9 Properties of Main-Sequence Stars A-11
Table A.10 Known and Suspected Members of the Local Group of Galaxies A-11
Table A.11 The Brightest Galaxies Beyond the Local Group A-13
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1
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