During the middle and late 1960s, public concern about the environment grew rapidly, as did Congressional interest in addressing environmental problems. Then, in 1970, a dramatic series of bipartisan actions were taken to expand the national government's efforts to control the volume and types of substances that pollute the air, water, and land. In that year, President Richard Nixon signed into law the National Environmental Policy Act, which established for the first time a national policy on the environment and created the Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). Additionally, President Nixon created, with Congressional support, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and he signed into law the Clean Air Act of 1970, which had overwhelming bipartisan support in Congress. The strong bipartisan consensus on the need to protect environmental and human health began to erode, however, during the middle and late 1970s as other domestic and foreign policy problems rose to the top of the public and legislative agendas. Ronald Reagan's election to the Presidency in 1980 marked a dramatic shift in both environmental policymaking and administration. Over the thirty years that followed Reagan's election, environmental politics and administration became increasingly polarized.
In this book, James K. Conant and Peter J. Balint examine the trajectory of environmental policy and administration in the United States by looking at the development of the CEQ and EPA. They look at changes in budgetary and staffing resources over time as well as the role of quality of leadership as key indicators of capacity and vitality. As well, they make correlations between the agencies' fortunes and various social, political, and economic variables. Conant and Balint cautiously predict that both agencies are likely to survive over the next twenty years, but that they will both experience continuing volatility as their life histories unfold.

Preface and Acknowledgments ix

1. Environmental Politics, Policy, and Administration in the United States 1

2. Te National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the Rise of Environmental Protection in the 1970s, and the Political Drama of the Next Tree Decades 13

3. Life Cycle Models of Organizations 28

4. Te Council on Environmental Quality: 1970–2010 52

5. Te Environmental Protection Agency: 1970–2010 71

6. Comparing the Paths of the Council on Environmental Quality and the Environmental Protection Agency and Assessing the Life Cycle Models 102

7. Te Future of the Council on Environmental Quality and the

Environmental Protection Agency: 2015–2035 121

Postscript: Sustainability and the Environmental Protection Agency 142

Appendix 1 153

Appendix 2 162

Notes 165

Bibliography 183

Index 191

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