Phytoremediation with wetland plants is an eco-friendly, aesthetically pleasing, cost-effective, solar-driven, passive technique that is useful for cleaning up environmental pollutants with low to moderate levels of contamination.

Preface xi

Author xiii

Acknowledgments xv

Chapter 1 Water, Wetlands, and Phytoremediation of Emerging Environmental contaminants 1

Water: Global Distribution and Water Quality ( Physicochemical) Attributes 1

Water Pollution: Global Sources 5

      Sources of Global Water Pollution 5

      Sewage and Domestic Wastes 6

      Industrial Effluents 6

      Agricultural Discharge 6

      Soap and detergents 6

      Thermal Pollution 6

      Importance of Global Wetland Plants 6

      Wetlands, Plants, and Phytoremediation of Emerging Contaminants 7

      Phytoremediation of Emerging Contaminants(Organics PAHs, and Heavy Metals) 10

      Phytoremediation of PPCPs(Emerging Contaminants of Concern)with Wetland Plants 12

      Role of Constructed Wetlands in the Phytoremediation of PPCPs as Emerging Contaminants of Concern 16

      Phytoremediation of Pathogenic Microbes and Its Mechanism in Constructed Wetlands 18

      Phytoremediation of Pharmaceutical Products or Antibiotics with Wetland Plants 21

      References 21

Chapter 2 Phytoremediation: Concept, Principles, Mechanisms, and Applications 31

Introduction 31

Green Sustainable Technology--Phytoremediation: Concept and Principles 31

Microbial Association and Phytoremediation of Emerging Contaminants 33

Phytoremediation Mechanisms in Wetland Plants for Diverse Emerging Contaminants 34

Role of Enzymes in Phytoremediation of Emerging Contaminants 37

Utility of Wetland Plants in Phytoremediation of Emerging Contaminants 37

Rhizofiltration Process Involved in Accumulation through Wetland Plants 40

Phytoremediation of Emerging Contaminants with Wetland

Plants and Macrophytes: Examples 41

References 45

Chapter 3 Progress, Prospects, and Challenges of Phytoremediation with Wetland Plants 53

Introduction 53

Importance of Wetlands in the Current Anthropocene 54

Heavy Metals: An Emerging Contaminant of Global Concern 54

Global Sources of Heavy Metals and Other Emerging Contaminants 55

Anthropogenic Sources of Heavy Metals and Emerging Contaminants 56

Emerging Contaminants and Heavy Metals as Pollutants to Wetlands and Their environment 56

Health Impact of Emerging Contaminants and Heavy metal Pollution 57

Heavy Metals and Source Management 59

Advantages and Disadvantages or Limitations of Phytoremediation 59

SWOT Analysis for Phytotechnologies and Phytoremediation 61

what Happens with Emerging Contaminant-Loaded and Metal-Saturated Wetland Plant Biomass? 65

Future Prospects of Phytoremediation: Genetic Engineering and Molecular Biology 65

References 70

Chapter 4 Natural and Constructed Wetlands in Phytoremediation: A Global Perspective with Case Studies of Tropical and Temperate Countries 81

Introduction 81

Difference between Terrestrial and Wetland Phytoremediation 83 Constructed Wetlands and Use of Phytoremediation 83

Why Replace Natural Wetlands with Constructed Wetlands 84

Types of Constructed Wetlands 85

Role of Plants in Constructed Wetlands 87

Mechanism of Phytoremediation in Constructed Wetlands 90

Physical Effects of Root Structure of Wetland Plants in Constructed Wetlands 91

      Plant-Microbe Interaction in Constructed Wetlands 91

Plant Uptake of Contaminants in Constructed Wetlands: Global Studies 92

      Evapotranspiration 93

      Microclimatic Conditions 93

      Plant Production in Constructed Wetlands 93

Constructed Wetland Processes Factors 94

Eco-Removal of Emerging Contaminants and Metal Eco-Remediation of Emerging Contaminants and Heavy Metal9g Accumulation by Plants 94

Eco-Removal of Emerging Contaminants and Heavy Metal Removal Processes in Wetlands: Mechanisms 96

Eco-Removal of Emerging Contaminants and Water Quality Parameters by Constructed Wetlands in Tropical and Temperate: Global Case Studies 99

      U.S. Case Studies 100

      NutrientPhytoremediation 100

      Emerging Contaminants: Metals or Selenium 106

      Emerging Contaminants: Organic Pollutants 107

      Emerging Contaminants: Microbial Pathogens 107

      European Case Studies 107

      Northern poland and Southern Sweden 107

Recent Advances in Wetland Plants for the removal of Emerging Contaminants 108

Interrelationship of Wetland systems and plants with climate Change and greenhouse Emissions 109

Conclusion 109

References 110

Chapter 5 Methods/Design in Water Pollution Science of Wetland Systems 125

Design of Constructed Wetlands for Remediation of Emerging Contaminants 125

Analytical or Instrumentation Technologies to Assess Emerging Contaminants and Characterize Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials 129

Limitations of Invasive Wetland Plants in Wetland Design Eco-Sustainable Solution 131

Analytical Methods to Assess the Water Quality of Wetlands 131

      Collection of Samples 131

      Water 131

      Macrophytes and Wetland plants 132

      Analysis 132

      Water 132

Heavy Metals: Analytical Methods 135

Phytosociological Analysis of Wetland Vegetation, Plants, and Macrophytes 136

Design of Phytoremediation Experiments Using Macrophytes 137

      Phytoremediation of Iron(Fe): Design 137

References 137

Chapter 6 Global Ramsar Wetland Sites: A Case Study on Biodiversity Hotspots 141

Global Ramsar Sites and Natural Wetlands of the Tropical and Temperate World 141

Ramsar Sites in India and Phytoremediation Work 142

Loktak Lake: An Important Ramsar Wetland 143

      Description of the Study Site of Ramsar Site of Global

      Biodiversity Hotspot 143

      Selection of Sampling Sites 144

      Distribution 146

      Values 148

      Diversity and Resources 148

      Animal Resources 149

      Plant Resources 149

      Depleting Water Quality 149

Phytoremediation in the Present Context of Biodiversity Hotspot 150

      Role of Phytoremediation in a Ramsar Site of Biodiversity Hotspot 151

Water Quality Analysis in a Ramsar Site of Biodiversity Hotspot 151

      Temperature 152

      pH 152

      Transparency 152

      Total Solid 153

      Dissolved Oxygen 154

      Biological Oxygen Demand 154

      Acidity 155

      Alkalinity 156

      Chloride 156

      Total hardness 157

      Turbidity 157

      Nitrate 157

      Phosphate 158

Heavy-Metals Analysis 159

      Water 160

      Iron(Fe) 160

      Mercury(Hg) 160

      Cadmiun(Cd) 160

      Arsenic(As) 161

      Lead(Pb) 161

      Chromium(Cr) 161

      Zinc(Zn) 162

Macrophytes/Wetland Plant Species Composition in a Ramsar Site of Biodiversity Hotspot 162

Similarity Index(Sorensons Similarity Index) in a Ramsar Site of Biodiversity Hotspot 163

Dominance of Families and Diversity in a Ramsar Site of Biodiversity Hotspot 164

References 165

Chapter 7 Global Wetland Plants in Metal/Metalloid Phytoremediation: Microcosm and Field Results 169

Phytoremediation of Emerging Contaminants in a Ramsar Site: Field Investigation of Metals in Wetland Plants of Global biodiversity hotspot 169

      Iron(Fe) 169

      Mercury(Hg) 169

      Cadmium( Cd) 170

      Arsenic(As) 171

      Lead(Pb) 171

      Chromium(Cr) 172

      Zinc(Zn) 172

Phytoremediation of Emerging Contaminants(Heavy Metals) in Ramsar Site of Global Biodiversity Hotspot: Microcosm Investigation 172

Concluding Remarks on Investigation on Ramsar Wetland Site". 22 Global Biodiversity Hotspot 176

Heavy Metal Analysis in Water and Wetland Plants at Ramsar Site of Biodiversity Hotspot 181

Phytosociology of Wetland Plants: Concluding Remarks for a ramsar Site of Biodiversity Hotspot 182

Phytoremediation of a Ramsar Site( Biodiversity Hotspot): Concluding Remarks 183

Phytochemical Composition of Wetland Plants 184

Biofuel production 185

Other Utilities 185

References 187

Chapter 8 Wastewater Treatment with Green Chemical Ferrate An Eco-Sustainable Option 191

Introduction 191

Preparation of Ferrate 192

General Aspects of Wastewater Treatment by Ferrate 193

      Effect of ferrate Treatment in Terms of Common Indices of Water Quality Parameters and Emerging Environmental Contaminants 195

      Effect of Ferrate Treatment on Emerging Contaminants Micropollutants: EDCs, PPCPs, Surfactants, and Organic Pollutants 196

      Effect of Ferrate Treatment on Metal Ions and Radionuclides 199

      Effect of Ferrate Treatment on Pathogenic Microbes 199

Conclusion 201

References 201

Chapter 9 Phytoremediation and Nanoparticles: Global Issues, Prospects, and Opportunities of Plant-Nanoparticle Interaction in Human Welfare 207

Introduction 207

      Synthesis of NPs 207

      Relevance of Plant-NP Interface in Multifaceted Environmental( Ground Water Remediation), Agriculture and Health Sectors 208

Wetland Plant-NP Interfaces: Implications for Phytoremediation and Phytotechnologies 211

Recent Advances and Future Prospects of NP-Phytoremediation Interface 216

References 217

Appendix 221

Index

Prabhat Kumar Rai, is currently working as Assistant Professor at Mizoram University. He has more than 10 years of teaching and research experience. He has been awarded Young Scientist Award in 2012 for his exemplary work. He has published 104 research papers in renowned journals and 10 books with publishers such as Elsevier, Nova Science publishers and has contributed chapters in many books.

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