Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was selected by early humans in the Fertile Crescent around 10,000-12,000 years ago and is likely one of the first domesticated plants. Subsequently, barley became a foundation for early human civilization and due to its adaptability is now grown in all temperate regions of the world. Currently, it is the fourth most important cereal crop behind maize, rice, and wheat. Barley is primarily used for animal feed, and malting and brewing, with a small percentage devoted to food. Due to the economic and agronomic importance of barley as a crop, it has been the subject of numerous genetic and genomics studies.
Barley has a large and highly repetitive 5.1 Gb genome, which presented significant obstacles to developing of a high-quality genome sequence. However, in 2006, a small group of barley geneticists had the foresight to fonn the International Barley Sequencing Consortium (IBSC), resulting in the coordination and data sharing to develop and release of a draft sequence in 2012. Subsequent effort by the IBSC resulted in releasing a high-quality genome sequence in 2017. Thus, this book is timely in that it describes the current status of barley genetics, breeding, and biology, and sets the stage for increased genome sequence-enabled understanding and improvement of this ancient crop. This volume covers aspects of the barley genome (sequencing and assembly approaches, gene prediction, chromosomal genomics, sequence diversity and structural variation, and variation in the secondary and tertiary gene pools), taxonomy, domestication, development (vegetative and inflorescence), genome characteristics (cytogenetics, repetitive sequences,), biotic and abiotic stress responses, organellar genomes, proteomics, gene cloning and expression, and genomics-enabled improvement.
It has been a great privilege to work with members of the barley research community on this book. We are indebted to all of the authors for their expertise and time. Experts in the field reviewed each chapter, and thus we are thankful for their efforts to improve the quality of this compilation. We hope that this volume will serve as a reference for those new to barley and to experienced barley researchers.

1 Economic and Academic Importance of Barley [Peter Langridge] 1

2 Taxonomy of the Genus Hordeum and Barley (Hordeum vulgare) [Frank R. Blattner] 11

3 Cytogenetics and Genetic Stocks for Physical Mapping and Sequencing [Andreas Houben, Lala Aliyeva-Schnorr, Giri Prasad Joshi and Takashi R. Endo] 25

4 Chromosomal Genomics of Barley [Hana Simkovi, Marie Kubalakova, Jan Vrana, Petr Capal and Jaroslav Dolezel] 45

5 Barley Genome Sequencing and Assembly—A First Version Reference Sequence [Nils Stein and Martin Mascher] 57

6 Gene Prediction in the Barley Genome [Sven O. Twardziok, Heidrun Gundlach, Thomas Lux, Pete E. Hedley, Micha Bayer, Matthias Platzer, Marco Groth, Robbie Waugh and Manuel Spannagl] 73

7 The Expressed Portion of the Barley Genome [Craig G. Simpson, Roberto A. Barrero, Micha Bayer, Andrew Flavell, Paulo Rapazote-Flores, Matthew I. Bellgard, Pete E. Hedley, Runxuan Zhang and Robbie Waugh] 89

8 Sequence Diversity and Structural Variation [Maria Munoz-Amatriain and Martin Mascher] 109

9 The Repetitive Landscape of the Barley Genome [Thomas Wicker, Heidrun Gundlach and Alan H. Schulman] 123

10 Molecular Mapping and Cloning of Genes and QTLs [Mats Hansson, Takao Komatsuda, Nils Stein and Gary J. Muehlbauer] 139

11 Genomics Approaches to Mining Barley Germplasm Collections [Martin Mascher, Kazuhiro Sato and Brian Steffenson] 155

12 Barley Inflorescence Architecture [Sarah M. McKim, Ravi Koppolu and Thorsten Schnurbusch] 171

13 Genetics of Whole Plant Morphology and Architecture [Laura Rossini, Gary J. Muehlbauer, Ron Okagaki, Silvio Salvi and Maria von Korff] 209

14 A Genomic View of Biotic Stress Resistance [J. Mitch Eimore, Dragan Perovic, Frank Ordon, Patrick Schweizer and Roger P. Wise] 233

15 Genomic and Genetic Studies of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Barley [Stephanie Saade, Sonia Negrao, Darren Plett, Trevor Garnett and Mark Tester] 259

16 Genomics-Based Barley Breeding [Kevin P. Smith, William Thomas, Lucia Gutierrez and Hazel Bull] 287

17 Barley Domesticatioii, Adaptation and Population Genomics [Karl Schmid, Benjamin Kilian and Joanne Russell] 317

18 The Genomes of the Secondary and Tertiary Gene Pools of Barley [Neele Wendler] 337

19 Barley Proteomics [Hans-Peter Mock, Christine Finnie, Katja Witzel and Birte Svensson] 345

20 Organellar Genomes in Barley [Hirokazu Handa] 363

21 Databases and Tools for the Analysis of the Barley Genome [Sebastian Beier, Daniel M. Bolser, Uwe Scholz, Manuel Spannagl and Paul J. Kersey] 377

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