The environmental impacts of contaminated sites on soil and groundwater have attracted increasing attention worldwide and emerged as an important bottleneck for the sustainable development of human society. In China, a large number of groundwater pollution sites have been formed due to the disorderly stacking of garbage, the leakage of landfills, the leakage of petrochemical enterprises' transmission pipelines, and the relocation of backward enterprises. The number of groundwater-contaminated sites is increasing, and it has shown a trend of spreading from cities to rural areas, from east to west, and from local to regional expansion. Especially in economically developed areas such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, and Pearl River Delta, the problem of groundwater pollution is more serious.
According to the nationwide investigations of groundwater contamination conducted by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and the China Geological Survey in recent years, municipal domestic waste landfills (MSWLFs), hazardous waste landfills (HWLFs), and oil-contaminated sites (OCS) have become typical sources of groundwater contamination that pose a serious threat to the surrounding ecological environment. Recognizing the increasing importance of groundwater pollution prevention and control, the Chinese government has issued a series of plans and documents in recent years, such as the National Groundwater Pollution Prevention and Control Plan (2011–2020), Action Plan for Water Pollution Prevention and Control, and Action Plan for Soil Pollution Prevention and Control, all of which place emphasis on municipal solid waste landfills, hazardous waste landfills, and oil-contaminated sites in environmental protection.
It is challenging to identify and treat groundwater pollution as such pollution is concealed, persistent, and complex. In China, the proactive investigation and evaluation of typical contaminated sites will help grasp the status and trends of groundwater pollution and provide preconditions and precise guidance for subsequent pollution prevention and control.
On the basis of systematic study of typical groundwater contamination sites in China, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences has organized multiple domestic and international scientific research institutions to compile the "Technologies for Investigation and Evaluation of Typical Groundwater Contamination Sites and Cases of Application." This book discusses the methods for investigation and assessment of such typical contaminated sites while taking into account their characteristics, which covers site investigation, source intensity evaluation, risk assessment, and cases of application in selected sites in central, northern, southwestern, southeastern, and northwestern parts of China. It is of significance to guide the environmental management and zoned remediation of typical contaminated sites and also contributes to the management and control of groundwater contamination sites at home and abroad.

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Overview of Groundwater Contamination Sites 1

1.2 Research Progress at Home and Abroad 2

      1.2.1 Evolution and Current Situation of Investigation and Assessment in Developed Countries 3

      1.2.2 Evolution and Current Situation of Investigation and Assessment in China 5

1.3 Problems and Trends 7

References 9

2 Environmental Background Investigation of Groundwater Contamination Sites 11

2.1 Process of Investigation 11

      2.1.1 Scope 11

      2.1.2 Process 12

2.2 Content of Investigation 12

      2.2.1 Data Collection 12

      2.2.2 Field Investigation 13

      2.2.3 Hydrogeological Survey 16

      2.2.4 Monitoring Well Deployment 17

      2.2.5 Sampling 26

      2.2.6 Analytical Testing 28

      2.2.7 Status Quo Evaluation 30

2.3 Brief Summary 31

References 31

3 Rating and Evaluation of Pollution Source Intensity for Typical Groundwater Contamination Sites 33

3.1 Indicators of Pollution Source Intensity Evaluation 33

      3.1.1 Characteristic Factors of MSWLFs Hazards 33

      3.1.2 Characteristic Factors of HWLFs Hazards 34

      3.1.3 Characteristic Factors of OCS Hazards 36

      3.1.4 Characteristic Factors for Mitigation Performance of Vadose Zone in Contaminated Sites 38

      3.1.5 Indicator Library for Groundwater Pollution Source Intensity Rating and Evaluation 40

3.2 Method of Groundwater Pollution Source Intensity Rating and Evaluation for Typical Groundwater Pollution Studies 41

      3.2.1 Indicator System for Rating and Evaluation of Groundwater Pollution Source Intensity 41

      3.2.2 Method for Hazard Rating and Evaluation of Pollution Sources 42

      3.2.3 Method for Rating and Evaluation of Mitigation Performance of Vadose Zone 50

      3.2.4 Rating and Evaluation of Groundwater Pollution Source Intensity 61

3.3 Strategies for Groundwater Pollution Prevention and Control 62

      3.3.1 Potential Sources of Pollution 62

      3.3.2 Existing Sources of Pollution 63

3.4 Brief Summary 64

References 64

4 Risk Assessment of Groundwater Contamination Sites 67

4.1 Health Risk Assessment of Typical Groundwater Contamination Sites 67

      4.1.1 Process of Health Risk Assessment 69

      4.1.2 Prevailing Models 75

4.2 Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment of Typical Groundwater Contamination Sites 80

      4.2.1 Assessment of Intrinsic Vulnerability 81

      4.2.2 Assessment of Specific Vulnerability 84

      4.2.3 Identification of External Pollutant Types and Hazard Levels 84

      4.2.4 Groundwater Value/Function Evaluation 84

      4.2.5 Methods for Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment 86

4.3 Brief Summary 89

References 89

5 Application Cases 93

5.1 Central China 93

5.2 Northwest China 149

5.3 Southwest China 197

5.4 Southeast China 224

5.5 North China 254

5.6 East China 329

Dr. Beidou Xi is now the chief engineer of China Academy of Environmental Sciences. His research activities focus on solid waste disposal and resource utilization research. He presided over more than 20 national water projects and major projects of science and technology support, and published many academic papers. In 2013, he was selected into the national "ten thousand talents plan" and supported by the national fund for Distinguished Young Scholars. In 2015, it was selected into the national one million talents project and awarded the honorary title of "young and middle-aged experts with outstanding contributions". PA\Dr. Juan Li is now a Researcher at the Soil and Agricultural Rural Eco-Environment Supervision Technology Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment. She has served as the deputy director of the National Key Laboratory of Groundwater Pollution Simulation and Control for many years. Her research activities focus on groundwater pollution assessment and prevention. She has presided over several scientific research projects such as the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the major project of water pollution control and treatment science and technology, and won many awards such as "2018 Environmental Science and Technology Second Prize" and "2017 Environmental Science and Technology Second Prize". PA\Yang Wang is now an engineer at the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences. His research activities focus on the identification and prevention of groundwater pollution in China, especially in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain. PA\Chenning Deng is now doctoral candidate at Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences and Beijing Normal University. His major is environmental sciences and research activities are mainly devoted to environmental hydrology and Watershed science. PA\Dr. Xiang LI is now Professor at the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, where she was Chief Expert of the Key Lab of Groundwater. Her research activities are mainly devoted to groundwater pollution control and remediation technology. She was deputy project leader and Sub-project leader for "Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Benefit Assessment Techniques for Shale Gas and Unconventional Oil and Gas Development" (2016ZX05040-001), the National key point research and invention program of "the 13th Five-year". And she was sub-project leader for water pollution control and treatment "Characteristics identification and systematic control of Jing-Jin-Ji groundwater pollution" (2018ZX07109-001). She has also won Frist Prize for Environmental Protection Science and Technology Awards(2011), published more than 30 papers and 4 academic monographs, authorized more than 10 national invention patents. PA\Dr. Yan Ma is now Associate Professor at the China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), where she was Deputy Director of the Research Institute of Soil Restoration and Ecological Material. Her research activities are mainly devoted to soil pollution and control technologies (such as soil mechanical ventilation, solidification/stabilization and chemical oxidation) as well as risk control and management of contaminated sites. She is Member of the Soil Pollution Control Expert Panel in Anhui Province, Committee Member of the Solid Waste Branch in Chinese Silicate Society. PA\Dr. Yanna Xiong is currently working at the solid waste and chemicals management and technology center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment.Mainly engaged in soil and groundwater pollution prevention and control technology research work, participate in a number of national soil and groundwater policies, regulations, standards research and formulation.

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