Qenetically Modified Crops and Food Security: Commercial) Ethical and Health Considerations provides a comprehensive overview of what is currently a very contentious issue - genetically modified crops. All the individual chapters cov< ered in this book are distinctive and unique in terms of delivering detailed information on various genetically modified crops. As an introduction, the first chapter presents an interesting overview of genetically modified plants and animal foods. This is followed by a series of chapters describing significant genetically modified crops, including the earliest ones to be engineered such as GM tomato, cotton, canola, corn, potato, and soyabean. Genetically modified tomato or Flavr Savr was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food which was granted a license for human consumption. Bt cotton is a genetically modified cotton variety created through the incorporation of genes encoding toxin crystals in the Cry group of endotoxin to produce an insecticide to counter bollworm and thus make the crop resistant to pests. This has led to a noticeable increase in the yield of cotton as a result of the effective control of three types of bollworms: American, Spotted, and Pink. Other significant GM crops that are discussed and reviewed this book are genetically modified alfalfa, that possesses high herbicidal resistance, and rainbow papaya.
Apart from the genetically modified crops themselves, in recent years enormous emphasis has been placed on how to reduce the cost of biofuel, lower greenhouse emissions, and meet land and water resource needs. Owing to an attribute of fourth-generation microalgae to photo synthetically fix carbon dioxide, irrespective of special and costly culture media, in this publication there will also be a review of the potential avenues of genetic engineering can take in order to utilize these microalgae as a biofuel to produce biohydrogen, starch-derived alcohols, diesel fuel surrogates, and/or alkanes.
Another pivotal chapter highlighting the outcomes of a genetic engineering technique concerns sugar beet; a technique which has noticeably minimized the use of chemicals such as weedicide. In addition, a further chapter reports on how genetically engineered crops have played an important role in integrated pest management, eventually reducing broad-spectrum insecticides and enhancing yield.
As a whole, Qenetically Modified Crops and Food Security compiles, organizes, and explains various eminent areas related to genetic modification and will be essential reading for understanding the controversies and challenges that have been hovering over these various genetically modified foods since their depart? ment. Apart from a readership perspective, this volume will prove to be a great guiding tool for agronomists, agriculturalists, food bio technologists, and food scientists etc.

List of illustrations ix

Preface xi

List of contributors xiii

1 Genetically modified plant and animal foods: An overview [JASMEET KOUR, SANGEETA, HIMJYOTI DUTTA, MANSI TOMAR，KIRAN BALA AND R A MESH CHANDRA MISHRA] 1

2 Flavr Savr and other GM tomatoes [RENU SHARMA, KAWALJEET KOUR, JASMEET KOUR AND RUPINDERPAL KAUR] 17

3 Bt cotton [SHIVALI PANJGOTRA, AMRIT SUDERSHAN, VISHAL SHARMA AND PRIYA SHARMA] 32

4 Transgenic soybean[VARUN KUMAR, AMARJEET KUMAR AND NIDHI AGARWAL] 53

5 Golden Rice [ PRERNA GUPTA，RICHA SHARMA AND MANISH BAKSHI] 70

6 Genetically modified maize [BHARATI SHARMA, KANCHAN SHARMA, PRIYA SHARMA, ISHA GUPTA, JASMEET KOUR AND KAWALJEET KOUR] 85

7 Bt brinjal [AMRIT SUDBRSHAN, SHIVALI PANJGOTRA, PRIYA SHARMA AND VISHAL SHARMA] 97

8 Genetically engineered potato [BHARTI MITTU, MAHALDEEP KAUR, ABIDA BHAT, JASMEET KOUR AND KAWALJEET KOUR ] 117

9 Herbicide-tolerant alfalfa [PRIYA SHARMA, VISHAL SHARMA, SHIVALI PANJGOTRA AND NAMRATA SHARMA] 136

10 Rainbow papaya [NAVEET KAUSHAL, NITESH SOOD, MANDEEP KAUR AND TA.LWINDER SINGH] 151

11 Genetically modified canola [ROSY BANSAI- AND JASMEET KOUR] 162

12 Genetically modified sugar beet: Making to marketing [NANCY BHURA AND JEENA GUPTA] 181

13 Genetic modification for 4G biofuel production [SAYANTAN CHAKRABORTY AND HIMJYOTI DUTTA] 198

14 Detection methods of GM crops [MANISH BAKSHI, PRERNA GUPTA AND RANJEET SINGH JAMWAL] 215

15 Integrated Pest Management through genetically modified crops [NITIKA SHARMA AND AKANKSHA BAKSHI] 229

16 Socio-economic impact of genetically modified crops [ANU SHARMA AND VISHAL SHARMA] 247

17 GM crops - friends or foes? Summarizing the argument [KANCHAN SHARMA, KAWALJEET KOUR, NANCY BHURA, JASMBET KOUR AND BHASKAR JYOTI] 266

Index 286

Figures

3.1 Steps of development of transgenic cotton through Agrobacterium tumefaciens and the biolistic method 40

3.2 Mechanism of mode of action 42

5.1 Different recombinant traits for P

5.2 Production of Golden Rice and gene identification and isolation 75

5.3 Process stages for Golden Rice production 76

7.1 Graph showing the variation in brinjal production by different country in millions of tons, 2016 99

7.2 Bar graph depicting total brinjal production in India over time 99

7.3 (a) Hole created in the brinjal fruit by the larvae of the J^eucinodes oTbondlis; (b) Larvae of Leucinodes orbonalis feeds on the leaf; (c) Vertical section represents the presence of larvae of the Leucinodes orbonalis inside the fruit of brinjal; (d) Leucinodes orbonalis larva on the leaf of the brinjal plant 103

7.4 Flow diagram depicting factors governing bacterial growth 106

7.5 Mechanism of genetic modification in brinjal leading to the desired trait 107

7.6 Mechanism of the action of Cry protein 108

7.7 Flow diagram depicting the integration of different members of the Cry family of genes in the production of novel genetically modified crops 109

8.1 Role of molecular biology in enhancing benefits of GM potato 118

8.2 Mechanism of genetic modification leading to the desired trait 122

8.3 Benefits of genetically modified potato 127

10.1 Papaya ring spot virus: (a) vein clearing； (b) mild mosaic； (c) clear intense color zones distributed on the adaxial leaf surface; (d) swelling and intense color zones on the adaxial leaf surface; (e) slight deformation on young leaves; (f) leaf distortion 153

10.2 Components of constructed RNAi vector pCAMBIA 2300-35S-OCS.35S promoter = Cauliflower Mosaic Virus promoter; NOS terminator = nopaline synthase gene terminator; OCS terminator = octopine synthase teminator; NPTII = neomycin phosphotransferase gene; Sense and Anti-sense = conserved 544 bp fragment of CP gene and inverted repeat sequence 156

11.1 Canola oil’s effect on health factors 176

12.1 Preparation of vector 186

12.2 Preparation of transgenic sugar beet 187

13‘1 An overview of the production process of four generations of biofuel 199

13.2 MEP/MVP pathway for isoprenoid production 202

13.3 Acetone-Butanol-Ethanol pathway for butanol synthesis 203

13.4 Valine pathway for propane synthesis 204

17.1 Steps involved in development of plant-based vaccine 270

Tables

3.1 Area，production, and yield of cotton in India 34

3.2 Year of Bt cotton’s adoption in main cotton growing nations 36

3.3 Chronology of expansion of Bt cotton in India up to its approval 36

3.4 Different genes and their properties 41

3.5 Country-wise export of cotton from India 45

4.1 Investigations of soybean genes include over-expression, silencing, transposon-based mutagenesis, protein sub-cellular localization, and/or promoter characterization 56

5.1 Increased production rate of genetically modified rice 76

8-1 Genes involved in the development of transgenic potato 121

9.1 Chronological events in the approval of GM glyphosate- tolerant alfalfa 138

9.2 Top ten exporters and importers of Alfalfa along with export and import value in 2020 145

11.1 GE canola/rapeseed traits and deregulation dates 171

12.1 Genes involved in conferring resistance to sugar beet along with their functions 184

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