This book is about lifelong ageing of humans. The basic biochemical and genetic mechanisms remain ill known, and differ among individuals. The book starts out to explore the plant and animal kingdoms to answer questions human ageing needs for understanding.
First, we come to scrutinize time running out and what ‘normal’ means with impacts on the genome and on protein half- lives and function. Ageing goes beyond biochemical skid treated by geroprotector drugs, including biosimilars; albeit early diagnosis with standard medical laboratory assays, here addressed, sheds light with focus on basic research. Modern tools, including machine learning, and DNA technology, e.g. genomics, have already provided for unanticipated insights.
The chapters then turn around senescence of the entire organism based on variable ageing of single organs embedded in neuronal networks . Psychological stress factors, dementia opposed to vigilance, and distinction of ageing from overt disease arecontrasting in humans and are opposed in the book. Senescence, seen as a one way track may be reverted into rejuvenation, made possible by insights into immunosenescence and genomic approaches.
Risk management in health insurance finds important clues in this book. The topics addressed between the book covers help to understand the trend to the ever- prolonging life expectancy beyond the centenarian age group; nursing care takers and pharmaceutical industry are invited to understand what’ is going on in senior people to make their geriatric population remain fit or become frail.

This book is about the lifelong aging of humans. The basic biochemical and genetic mechanisms remain ill-known and differ among individuals. We start out exploring plant and animal kingdoms to answer questions about human aging needs for understanding.
First, we scrutinize time running out and what “normal” means with impacts on the genome, protein half-lives, and function. Aging goes beyond biochemical skids treated by drugs developed to downregulate senescence; albeit early diagnosis with standard medical lab assays, here addressed, sheds light with a focus on basic research. Tools like machine learning, and DNA technology, e.g., genomics, have already provided surprising insights.
The chapters then turn around the senescence of the entire organism based on variable aging of single organs embedded in neuronal networks. Psychological stress factors, dementia opposed to vigilance, and the distinction of aging from the overt disease are contrasting in humans and are opposed in the book. Senescence, seen as a one-way track, may be reverted into rejuvenation—possible by insights into the senescence of the immune system and genomic approaches.
Risk management in health insurance finds important clues. The topics address life expectancy beyond the centenarian age group; nursing caretakers and the pharmaceutical industry are invited to understand what’s happening in seniors to render their geriatric population fit or frail.
Bern, Switzerland Urs Nydegger
Hohenems, Austria Thomas Lung

1 Time 1

1.1 Senescence is Time Dependent 1

1.2 The Eranos Lecture of Monte Verità 2

1.3 Senescence on the Move 3

1.4 In Pursuit of Wisdom—What’s Next 7

1.5 Boon and Bane 8

References 13

2 Genetics—The Language of Proteomics 15

2.1 Manipulate the Back and Forth Meaning with Genomics 15

2.2 Gene Scissor Technology—CRISPR 24

References 25

3 Senescence in Plants 27

3.1 Plants, Good Examples for Senescence Information 27

References 35

4 Senescence in Animals 37

4.1 Zoological Senescence 37

References 43

5 Rejuvenation/Regeneration 45

5.1 A Button off May Turn on Something Else 45

5.2 Senescence and Religion 47

5.3 Immortality at Its Best 47

5.4 Suicide 50

5.5 Organ Transplants 55

5.6 Artificial Organs (Distinguish Cellular Organs from Artificial Material) 55

5.7 3D Bioprinting 56

5.8 Life Transplants 58

5.9 Xenotransplantation 59

References 60

6 Overlap Senescence/Chronic Disease 61

6.1 Ambiguity Between Two Different Medical Conditions 61

6.2 Examples of Senescence Studies 65

      6.2.1 Georgia Centenarian Study 65

      6.2.2 Yale Y-Age 66

      6.2.3 Centenarians in Iowa 66

      6.2.4 Banner Alzheimer’s Institute 66

      6.2.5 The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) 66

      6.2.6 PolSenior 2 67

      6.2.7 DO-HEALTH 67

      6.2.8 Seniorlabor Study 68

References 68

7 Mosaic of Aging 69

7.1 Manifold Senescence in the Same Individual 69

7.2 Repair/Rejuvenation of Senescent/Aging Organs 72

7.3 The Senescing Memory and How to Measure Memory 78

7.4 Type Hunter 83

7.5 Bigger Brains 84

7.6 Heart and Vascular Tree 84

7.7 Lungs 84

7.8 Pleura 85

7.9 Liver 85

7.10 Pancreas 86

7.11 Intestine 86

7.12 Diversity at Its Best 87

References 87

8 Remaining Life 89

8.1 Look into the Rear—View Mirror 89

8.2 What the Future Might Hold 93

8.3 What We Know Up to Now 94

8.4 What the Future Will Show 94

References 94

9 Medical Laboratory Technology 95

9.1 Fire and Brimstone Sermon 95

9.2 What the Future Will Show 99

9.3 Age Pervasiveness of Frequent Diseases 101

      9.3.1 Health Tests 101

9.4 Metabolic Profile 104

9.5 Aging, Hallmarks, and Biomarkers 105

9.6 Laboratory Assays as Biomarkers of Aging 108

      9.6.1 Hematological and Related Aspects 110

9.7 Ferritin 115

9.8 Glucose Metabolism 115

9.9 Reference Intervals Found in the SENIORLABOR Study 116

9.10 The Complement System 118

References 120

10 Geroprotector 123

10.1 Technical and Medical Possibilities 123

10.2 Agree on Desired Metrics 125

10.3 Immediate Action 126

References 128

11 Hannibal Ante Portas 129

11.1 Hopeful or Dangerous Future 129

Glossary 131

Thomas Lung Dr. rer. nat.: Born in 1966 in Bregenz, Austria. Lung became interested in the study of senescence while at the University of Innsbruck, the Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences. Since then, he has worked in Switzerland as a Laboratory Manager for Clinical Immunology, FAMH, in two private med lab service institutions. He remained interested in reference intervals of med lab tests differing according to patients' age. The SENIORLABOR study brought his interest to projects sponsored by Dr. Risch Laboratories and attended, among others, by Nydegger. The results include several peer-reviewed original scientific reports with Lung as the first author. A large part of these papers, not always referenced in our book, take part as a basis for the relevance of senescence research in the booming field of laboratory medicine. When time permitsin his routine laboratory work, Lung has extensive engagement as a speaker in postgraduate teaching.

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